Methods for aiding in diagnosing and evaluating a mild traumatic brain injury in a human subject using cardiac troponin I and early biomarkers
Disclosed herein are methods that aid in the diagnosis and evaluation of a human subject that has sustained or may have sustained an injury to the head, such as mild or a moderate, severe, or moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), by detecting levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and one or more early biomarkers which are not cTnI, such as ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), or a combination thereof, in biological samples taken from a human subject at time points within about 24 hours of injury after the subject has sustained or may have sustained the injury to the head.
1. A method comprising:
a) performing at least one assay for cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and an early biomarker in at least one sample that is whole blood, serum, plasma, or cerebrospinal fluid obtained from a subject within about 24 hours after an actual or suspected injury to the head, wherein the early biomarker comprises ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), or a combination thereof; and
b) treating the subject for (1) a moderate, severe, or moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) when the level of cTnI in the sample is higher than a reference level of cTnI and the level of the early biomarker in the sample is higher than a reference level of the early biomarker, or (2) a mild TBI when the level of cTnI in the sample is lower than a reference level of cTnI and/or the level of the early biomarker in the sample is lower than a reference level of the early biomarker.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the assay is selected from the group consisting of an immunoassay, a clinical chemistry assay, and a point-of-care assay.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the assay is performed using single molecule detection.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has received a Glasgow Coma Scale score before or after the assay is performed, and
(i) wherein the reference level is correlated with a Glasgow Coma Scale of 3-12; or
(ii) wherein the reference level is correlated with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13-15.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reference level for cTnI is about 5 pg/mL, about 10 pg/mL, about 15 pg/mL, about 20 pg/mL, about 35 pg/mL, or about 50 pg/mL.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
(i) the reference level for UCH-L1 is about 400 pg/mL, about 500 pg/mL, or about 550 pg/mL; or
(ii) the reference level for GFAP is about 70 pg/mL, about 100 pg/mL, or about 150 pg/mL.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reference level is (a) determined by an assay having a sensitivity of between at least about 85% to 100% and a specificity of between at least about 30% to 100%; (b) determined by an assay having a sensitivity of at least about 87.5% and a specificity of at least about 31%; (c) between at least about 1 pg/mL to about 100 pg/mL; (d) between at least about 1 pg/mL to about 500 pg/mL; or (e) between at least about 1 pg/mL to about 1000 pg/mL.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample is taken within about 30 minutes, within about 1 hour, within about 2 hours, within about 3 hours, within about 4 hours, within about 5 hours, within about 6 hours, within about 7 hours, within about 8 hours, within about 9 hours, within about 10 hours, within about 11 hours, within about 12 hours, within about 13 hours, within about 14 hours, within about 15 hours, within about 16 hours, within about 17 hours, within about 18 hours, within about 19 hours, within about 20 hours, within about 21 hours, within about 22 hours, within about 23 hours, or within about 24 hours of the actual or suspected injury to the head.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising of treating the subject with at least one cardioprotective therapy, wherein the at least one cardioprotective therapy comprises a beta-blocker, a diuretic, an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, a calcium channel blocker, a lipid lowering therapy, a statin, a nitrate, an antiplatelet, an anticlotting agent, an anticoagulation agent or combinations thereof.
10. A method comprising:
a) performing at least one assay for cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and an early biomarker in at least one sample that is whole blood, serum, plasma, or cerebrospinal fluid obtained from a subject within about 24 hours after an actual or suspected injury to the head, wherein the early biomarker comprises ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), or a combination thereof; and
b) performing a head computed tomography (CT) scan on the subject when the level of cTnI in the sample is higher than a reference level of cTnI and the level of the early biomarker in the sample is higher than a reference level of the early biomarker.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the assay is selected from the group consisting of an immunoassay, a clinical chemistry assay, and a point-of-care assay.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the assay is performed using single molecule detection.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the sample is taken from the subject within about 30 minutes, within about 1 hour, within about 2 hours, within about 3 hours, within about 4 hours, within about 5 hours, within about 6 hours, within about 7 hours, within about 8 hours, within about 9 hours, within about 10 hours, within about 11 hours, within about 12 hours, within about 13 hours, within about 14 hours, within about 15 hours, within about 16 hours, within about 17 hours, within about 18 hours, within about 19 hours, within about 20 hours, within about 21 hours, within about 22 hours, within about 23 hours, or within about 24 hours of the actual or suspected injury to the head.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the reference level for cTnI is about 5 pg/mL, about 10 pg/mL, about 15 pg/mL, about 20 pg/mL, about 35 pg/mL, or about 50 pg/mL.
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein:
(i) the reference level for UCH-L1 is about 400 pg/mL, about 450 pg/mL, or about 550 pg/mL; or
(ii) the reference level for GFAP is about 50 pg/mL, about 100 pg/mL, or about 150.
16. The method of claim 10 , wherein the reference level is (a) determined by an assay having a sensitivity of between at least about 65% to 100% and a specificity of between at least about 29% to 100%; (b) determined by an assay having a sensitivity of at least about 85% and a specificity of at least about 33%; (c) between at least about 1 pg/mL to about 100 pg/mL; (d) between at least about 1 pg/mL to about 500 pg/mL; or (e) between at least about 1 pg/mL to about 1000 pg/mL.