In situ current collector
Electrochemical cells comprising electrodes comprising lithium (e.g., in the form of a solid solution with non-lithium metals), from which in situ current collectors may be formed, are generally described.
1. An electrochemical cell comprising:
a cathode;
an anode comprising a solid solution of lithium and at least one non-lithium metal, the anode having an active surface; and
an electrolyte in electrochemical communication with the cathode and the anode;
wherein:
the electrochemical cell is configured such that it is in a charged state when it is first assembled;
the electrochemical cell is under an applied anisotropic force having a force component normal to the active surface of the anode; and
the anisotropic force and the electrochemical cell are configured such that, when the electrochemical cell is fully cycled 10 times, the anode has a porosity of less than 20% immediately after the discharge of the tenth cycle, and 75 wt % or less of the amount of lithium present in the anode in its initial fully-charged state remains in the anode immediately after the discharge of the tenth cycle.
2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein, when the cell is in a fully-charged state, the solid solution has a yield strength of from about 0.1 MPa to about 100 MPa.
3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the at least one non-lithium metal is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, zinc, lead, tin, platinum, gold, aluminum, cadmium, silver, mercury, and combinations thereof.
4. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the at least one non-lithium metal is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, zinc, lead, platinum, gold, cadmium, silver, mercury, and combinations thereof.
5. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the at least one non-lithium metal excludes the group consisting of silicon, germanium, tin, antimony, bismuth, and aluminum.
6. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the at least one non-lithium metal comprises magnesium.
7. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the at least one non-lithium metal in the anode is at least 0.1 wt % and equal to or less than 25 wt % of the combined weight of lithium and non-lithium metal in the anode during a fully charged state.
8. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the at least one non-lithium metal in the anode is at least 0.1 wt % and equal to or less than 25 wt % of the combined weight of lithium and non-lithium metal in the anode, as assembled.
9. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the at least one non-lithium metal is selected such that less than about 10 wt % of the at least one non-lithium metal participates in an electrochemical reaction during a first charge and discharge cycle of the cell operating within a voltage window of from about 0 V to about 5 V.
10. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the at least one non-lithium metal forms a solid solution with lithium at a temperature of between −40° C. and 80° C.
11. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cell is capable of being cycled at least 70 times before a capacity of the electrochemical cell in a charged state is reduced to less than 80% of an original charge capacity.
12. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the anisotropic force is configured such that the force component normal to the active surface of the anode applies a pressure to the active surface of the anode of at least about 4.9 and less than about 500 Newtons per square centimeter.
13. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , further comprising a separator proximate to the electrolyte.
14. The electrochemical cell of claim 13 , wherein the separator comprises a microporous film.
15. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein, when the electrochemical cell is fully cycled 10 times, the anode has a sheet resistance of less than 1000 Ω/sq. immediately after the discharge of the tenth cycle.
16. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein, when the electrochemical cell is fully cycled 10 times, the anode has a sheet resistance of less than 900 Ω/sq. immediately after the discharge of the tenth cycle.
17. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein, when the electrochemical cell is fully cycled 10 times, the anode has a porosity of less than 15% immediately after the discharge of the tenth cycle.
18. An electrochemical cell comprising:
a cathode;
an anode comprising a solid solution of lithium and at least one non-lithium metal, the anode having an active surface; and
an electrolyte in electrochemical communication with the cathode and the anode;
wherein:
the electrochemical cell is configured such that it is in a charged state when it is first assembled;
the electrochemical cell is under an applied anisotropic force having a force component normal to the active surface of the anode; and
the at least one non-lithium metal is present at a sufficient volume such that, when the electrochemical cell is fully cycled 10 times, the anode has a porosity of less than 20% immediately after the discharge of the tenth cycle, and 75 wt % or less of the amount of lithium present in the anode in its initial fully-charged state remains in the anode immediately after the discharge of the tenth cycle.
19. An electrochemical cell comprising:
a cathode;
an anode comprising a solid solution of lithium and at least one non-lithium metal, the anode having an active surface; and
an electrolyte in electrochemical communication with the cathode and the anode;
wherein:
the electrochemical cell is configured such that it is in a charged state when it is first assembled;
the electrochemical cell is under an applied anisotropic force having a force component normal to the active surface of the anode; and
the anisotropic force and the electrochemical cell are configured such that, when the electrochemical cell is fully cycled 10 times, the anode has a sheet resistance of less than 1000 Ω/sq. immediately after the discharge of the tenth cycle, and 75 wt % or less of the amount of lithium present in the anode in its initial fully-charged state remains in the anode immediately after the discharge of the tenth cycle.
20. The electrochemical cell of claim 19 , wherein, when the electrochemical cell is fully cycled 10 times, the anode has a porosity of less than 20% immediately after the discharge of the tenth cycle.