Methods and pharmaceutical compositions for modulating autophagy in a subject in need thereof

1. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject at least one acetyl CoA (AcCoA) depleting agent and at least one chemotherapeutic agent, wherein the at least one AcCoA depleting agent is hydroxycitrate, wherein the at least one chemotherapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD), and wherein the method does not comprise administering an AcCoA-replenishing agent selected from the group consisting of dichloroacetate, lipoic acid, ketoisocaproic acid, butyrate, and dimethyl-α-ketoglutarate.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of epirubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, paclitaxel, docetaxel, dolastatin, pancratistatin, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, dactinomycin, thioguanine, an epothilone, maytansinoids, 6-thioguanine, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, novantrone, retinoids, irinotecan, camptothecin, topotecan, bryostatin, callystatin, CC-1065, adozelesin, carzelesin, bizelesin, spongistatin, ifosfamide, trofosfamide, fotemustine, enediyne antibiotics, hydroxyurea, dideoxyuridine, aldophosphamide glycoside, amsacrine, diaziquone, lentinan, mitoguazone, pentostatin, pirarubicin, losoxantrone, rhizoxin, dacarbazine, thiotepa, teniposide, ibandronate, denopterin, pteropterin, trimetrexate, PSK polysaccharide complex, neocarzinostatin chromophore, chromoprotein enediyne antibiotic chromophores, aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authrarnycin, azaserine, cactinomycin, carabicin, caminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycin, dactinomycin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, esorubicin, marcellomycin, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives thereof.

3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of cancer cells from the bladder, blood, bone, bone marrow, brain, breast, colon, esophagus, gastrointestine, gum, head, kidney, liver, lung, nasopharynx, neck, ovary, prostate, skin, stomach, testis, tongue, and uterus.

4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of malignant; carcinoma; carcinoma, undifferentiated; giant and spindle cell carcinoma; small cell carcinoma; papillary carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; lymphoepithelial carcinoma; basal cell carcinoma; pilomatrix carcinoma; transitional cell carcinoma; papillary transitional cell carcinoma; adenocarcinoma; gastrinoma, malignant; cholangiocarcinoma; hepatocellular carcinoma; combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma; trabecular adenocarcinoma; adenoid cystic carcinoma; adenocarcinoma in adenomatous polyp; adenocarcinoma, familial polyposis coli; solid carcinoma; carcinoid tumor, malignant; branchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma; papillary adenocarcinoma; chromophobe carcinoma; acidophil carcinoma; oxyphilic adenocarcinoma; basophil carcinoma; clear cell adenocarcinoma; granular cell carcinoma; follicular adenocarcinoma; papillary and follicular adenocarcinoma; nonencapsulating sclerosing carcinoma; adrenal cortical carcinoma; endometroid carcinoma; skin appendage carcinoma; apocrine adenocarcinoma; sebaceous adenocarcinoma; ceruminous; adenocarcinoma; mucoepidermoid carcinoma; cystadenocarcinoma; papillary cystadenocarcinoma; papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma; mucinous cystadenocarcinoma; mucinous adenocarcinoma; signet ring cell carcinoma; infiltrating duct carcinoma; medullary carcinoma; lobular carcinoma; inflammatory carcinoma; paget's disease, mammary; acinar cell carcinoma; adenosquamous carcinoma; adenocarcinoma w/squamous metaplasia; thymoma, malignant; ovarian stromal tumor, malignant; thecoma, malignant; granulosa cell tumor, malignant; and roblastoma, malignant; Sertoli cell carcinoma; leydig cell tumor, malignant; lipid cell tumor, malignant; paraganglioma, malignant; extra-mammary paraganglioma, malignant; pheochromocytoma; glomangiosarcoma; malignant melanoma; amelanotic melanoma; superficial spreading melanoma; malig melanoma in giant pigmented nevus; epithelioid cell melanoma; blue nevus, malignant; sarcoma; fibrosarcoma; fibrous histiocytoma, malignant; myxosarcoma; liposarcoma; leiomyosarcoma; rhabdomyosarcoma; embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma; alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma; stromal sarcoma; mixed tumor, malignant; mullerian mixed tumor; nephroblastoma; hepatoblastoma; carcinosarcoma; mesenchymoma, malignant; brenner tumor, malignant; phyllodes tumor, malignant; synovial sarcoma; mesothelioma, malignant; dysgerminoma; embryonal carcinoma; teratoma, malignant; struma ovarii, malignant; choriocarcinoma; mesonephroma, malignant; hemangiosarcoma; hemangioendothelioma, malignant; kaposi's sarcoma; hemangiopericytoma, malignant; lymphangiosarcoma; osteosarcoma; juxtacortical osteosarcoma; chondrosarcoma; chondroblastoma, malignant; mesenchymal chondrosarcoma; giant cell tumor of bone; ewing's sarcoma; odontogenic tumor, malignant; ameloblastic odontosarcoma; ameloblastoma, malignant; ameloblastic fibrosarcoma; pinealoma, malignant; chordoma; glioma, malignant; ependymoma; astrocytoma; protoplasmic astrocytoma; fibrillary astrocytoma; astroblastoma; glioblastoma; oligodendroglioma; oligodendroblastoma; primitive neuroectodermal; cerebellar sarcoma; ganglioneuroblastoma; neuroblastoma; retinoblastoma; olfactory neurogenic tumor; meningioma, malignant; neurofibrosarcoma; neurilemmoma, malignant; granular cell tumor, malignant; malignant lymphoma; Hodgkin's disease; Hodgkin's lymphoma; paragranuloma; malignant lymphoma, small lymphocytic; malignant lymphoma, large cell, diffuse; malignant lymphoma, follicular; mycosis fungoides; other specified non-Hodgkin's lymphomas; malignant histiocytosis; multiple myeloma; mast cell sarcoma; immunoproliferative small intestinal disease; leukemia; lymphoid leukemia; plasma cell leukemia; erythroleukemia; lymphosarcoma cell leukemia; myeloid leukemia; basophilic leukemia; eosinophilic leukemia; monocytic leukemia; mast cell leukemia; megakaryoblastic leukemia; myeloid sarcoma; and hairy cell leukemia.

5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cancer is a KRAS mutated cancer.

6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the KRAS mutation is selected from the group consisting of G12C, G12D, G13D, G12R, G12S, and G12V.

7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cancer is an autophagy competent cancer.

8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the AcCoA depleting agent is administered prior to the chemotherapeutic agent.

9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the AcCoA depleting agent is administered 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; or 56 h before the administration of the chemotherapeutic agent.

10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the AcCoA depleting agent is administered in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent.

11. A composition for treating cancer, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an AcCoA depleting agent and a therapeutically effective amount of a chemotherapeutic agent, wherein the AcCoA depleting agent is hydroxycitrate, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD), and wherein the composition for treating cancer does not comprise an AcCoA-replenishing agent selected from the group consisting of dichloroacetate, lipoic acid, ketoisocaproic acid, butyrate, and dimethyl-α-ketoglutarate.

12. The composition according to claim 11 , wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of epirubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, paclitaxel, docetaxel, dolastatin, pancratistatin, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, dactinomycin, thioguanine, an epothilone, maytansinoids, 6-thioguanine, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, novantrone, retinoids, irinotecan, camptothecin, topotecan, bryostatin, callystatin, CC-1065, adozelesin, carzelesin, bizelesin, spongistatin, ifosfamide, trofosfamide, fotemustine, enediyne antibiotics, hydroxyurea, dideoxyuridine, aldophosphamide glycoside, amsacrine, diaziquone, lentinan, mitoguazone, pentostatin, pirarubicin, losoxantrone, rhizoxin, dacarbazine, thiotepa, teniposide, ibandronate, denopterin, pteropterin, trimetrexate, PSK polysaccharide complex, neocarzinostatin chromophore, chromoprotein enediyne antibiotic chromophores, aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authrarnycin, azaserine, cactinomycin, carabicin, caminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycin, dactinomycin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, esorubicin, marcellomycin, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives thereof.