HYDRAULIC FRACTURING FLUID
A fracturing fluid including an aqueous base fluid having total dissolved solids between 100,000 mg/L and 400,000 mg/L, a polymer, a crosslinker, and at least one of a free amine and an alkaline earth oxide. In one example, the fracturing fluid may include a hydroxypropyl guar, a Zr crosslinker, and either a free amine such as triethylamine, or an alkaline earth oxide such as magnesium oxide. Optionally, the fracturing fluid may include a nanomaterial. Suitable example of a nanomaterial includes comprises ZrO 2 nanoparticles. The viscosity and viscosity lifetime of fracturing fluids with polymer, crosslinker, and either a free amine or an alkaline earth oxide are greater than the sum of the effects of the individual components taken separately. This synergistic effect offers significant, practical advantages, including the ability to reduce polymer loading to achieve a desired viscosity, and the ability to achieve better formation cleanup after the fracturing treatment.
1 . A fracturing fluid comprising:
an aqueous base fluid having total dissolved solids between 100,000 mg/L and 400,000 mg/L;
a polymer;
a crosslinker; and
at least one of a free amine and an alkaline earth oxide.
2 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous base fluid has total dissolved solids between 200,000 mg/L and 300,000 mg/L.
3 . The fracturing fluid of claim 2 , wherein the aqueous base fluid has total dissolved solids of about 300,000 mg/L.
4 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , wherein the alkaline earth oxide comprises at least one of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide.
5 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , wherein the fracturing fluid comprises from about 0.01% to about 20% by weight, from about 0.02% to about 10% by weight, or from about 0.04% to about 2% by weight of the alkaline earth oxide.
6 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , wherein the free amine comprises at least one of triethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine, diethylethanolamine, diethanolamine, N,N-diisopropylaminoethanol, methyldiethanolamine, bis-tris methane, ethylendiamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, and pentaethylenehexamine.
7 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , wherein the fracturing fluid comprises from about 0.01% to about 20% by weight, from about 0.05% to about 5% by weight, or from about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of the free amine.
8 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , wherein the crosslinker comprises a Zr crosslinker, a Ti crosslinker, an Al crosslinker, a borate crosslinker, or a combination thereof.
9 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , wherein the fracturing fluid comprises from about 0.02% to about 2% by weight of the crosslinker.
10 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , further comprising a nanomaterial.
11 . The fracturing fluid of claim 10 , wherein the nanomaterial comprises ZrO 2 nanoparticles, TiO 2 nanoparticles, CeO 2 nanoparticles, or a combination thereof.
12 . The fracturing fluid of claim 10 , wherein the nanomaterial is stabilized with a polymer, a surfactant, or a combination thereof.
13 . The fracturing fluid of claim 10 , wherein the fracturing fluid comprises about 0.0002 wt. % to about 2 wt. % of the nanomaterial.
14 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , wherein the polymer comprises guar, hydroxypropyl guar, carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar, derivatized guar, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxtmethyl hydroxyl propyl cellulose, cellulose derivatives, or a combination thereof.
15 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , further comprising a bactericide.
16 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , further comprising a buffer, wherein the buffer comprises bicarbonate, carbonate, acetate, or a combination thereof.
17 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , further comprising a stabilizer, wherein the stabilizer comprises sodium thiosulfate, sorbitol, alkylated sorbitol, or a combination thereof.
18 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , further comprising a viscosity breaker, wherein the viscosity breaker comprises an oxidative breaker.
19 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , further comprising a surfactant.
20 . The fracturing fluid of claim 1 , further comprising a scale inhibitor.