Metal nanowire networks and transparent conductive material
A method of forming a transparent electrically conductive film including depositing a dispersion of metal nanowires onto a substrate surface, delivering a solution including a fusing agent in a solvent onto the substrate surface, and drying the substrate surface after depositing the metal nanowires and delivering the fusing agent solution to fuse at least some of the metal nanowires into the transparent electrically conductive film comprising a fused metal nanowire network.
1. A method of forming a transparent electrically conductive film, the method comprising:
depositing a dispersion of metal nanowires onto a substrate surface;
delivering a solution comprising a fusing agent in a solvent onto the substrate surface; and
drying the substrate surface after depositing the metal nanowires and delivering the fusing agent solution to fuse the metal nanowires into a fused metal nanowire network, wherein the fused metal nanowire network has a transmittance for visible light at 550 nm through the fused metal nanowire network of at least about 85% and a sheet resistance of no more than about 250 Ohms/square and wherein the fusing agent comprises a metal halide salt.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the fusing agent comprises LiCl, NaF, NaCl, NaBr, NaI, KCl, MgCl 2 , CaCl 2 , AlCl 3 , NH 4 Cl, NH 4 F, AgF, or a combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the solution has a halide ion concentration from about 0.1 mM to about 10 M and wherein the solvent comprises an alcohol, water, or a combination thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal nanowire dispersion further comprises the fusing agent such that the depositing of the nanowire dispersion and the fusing agent solution are performed simultaneously.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the delivering of the fusing agent solution is performed after depositing the metal nanowire dispersion.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal nanowires comprise copper, gold, tin, iron, titanium, indium, platinum, palladium, nickel, cobalt, or an alloy combination thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal nanowires comprise silver nanowires.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal nanowires have a surface loading level on the substrate that is about 0.1 μg/cm 2 to about 5 mg/cm 2 .
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the fused metal nanowire network has a transmittance for visible light at 550 nm of at least about 90% and a sheet resistance of no more than about 100 Ohms/square.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the fused metal nanowire network has a transmittance for visible light at 550 nm of at least about 90% and a sheet resistance of no more than about 80 Ohms/square.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the fusing agent comprises AgF.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the metal nanowires comprise silver nanowires.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein the concentration of AgF is from about 0.1 mM to about 1 M.
14. The method of claim 11 wherein the metal nanowire dispersion further comprises the fusing agent such that the depositing of the nanowire dispersion and the fusing agent solution are performed simultaneously.