Biosensor performance indicator for intraoral appliances
Methods and apparatuses for monitoring either or both the performance of an orthodontic appliance for repositioning a patient's teeth and/or the user compliance in wearing the appliance using a biosensor. The apparatuses described herein may include one or more sensors, including biosensors, electrical sensors, or both, configured to generate sensor data related to user compliance and/or repositioning of the patient's teeth by an orthodontic appliance.
1. A removable orthodontic device comprising:
a plurality of tooth receiving cavities configured to receive a plurality of teeth and to exert one or more orthodontic repositioning forces on the plurality of teeth; and
at least one biosensor system comprising:
a bioreceptor configured to cause a first interaction with one or more tooth motion biomarkers in a fluid in the oral cavity, the first interaction being related to a first biomarker expression change of the one or more tooth motion biomarkers, and the first biomarker expression change being associated with a specific phase of tooth movement of the plurality of teeth, wherein the bioreceptor is configured to cause a second interaction with one or more compliance biomarkers, the second interaction being related to a second biomarker expression change associated with compliance by the patient;
a biotransducer coupled to the bioreceptor, the biotransducer configured to transduce the first interaction into a first interaction signal representative of the first interaction, wherein the biotransducer is configured to transduce the second interaction into a second interaction signal representative of the second interaction; and
a processor configured to process the first and second interaction signals by: determining the patient's compliance of wearing the removable orthodontic device using the second interaction signal, and determining whether a signal strength of the first interaction signal is above or below a threshold signal strength for the specific phase of tooth movement, wherein the processor is configured to provide one or more recommendations for changing the removable orthodontic device based on the patient's compliance and whether the signal strength is above or below the threshold signal strength.
2. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , wherein the specific phase of tooth movement corresponds to velocity of root movement of roots of the plurality of teeth.
3. The removable orthodontic device of claim 2 , wherein the processor is configured to determine when the velocity of root movement is substantially zero, thereby indicating a conclusion of a portion of an orthodontic treatment plan.
4. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to process the first interaction signal into sensor data used to provide the one or more recommendations to change the removable orthodontic device at a specified time.
5. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one biosensor system comprises one or more of memory, a power source, a communication unit, and an antenna.
6. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , further comprising a biosensor housing formed from at least a portion of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities and being configured to physically couple the bioreceptor to at least one tooth of the plurality of teeth.
7. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , wherein the bioreceptor comprises a protein that selectively binds to the one or more tooth motion biomarkers.
8. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , wherein the bioreceptor comprises one or more of a primary and/or a secondary protein.
9. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , wherein the bioreceptor comprises an enzyme that selectively acts on the one or more tooth motion biomarkers.
10. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , wherein the fluid comprises saliva.
11. The removable orthodontic device of claim 10 , wherein the one or more tooth movement biomarkers is one of: Calgranulin-B, Serum albumin precursor, Immunoglobulin J chain, Ig alpha-1 chain C region, Cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 precursor (CRISP-3), Hemoglobin subunit beta, Stratifin, and soluble RANK Ligand (sRANKL).
12. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , wherein the fluid comprises gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).
13. The removable orthodontic device of claim 12 , wherein the one or more tooth movement biomarkers is one of: prostaglandin E2, Substance P, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor, Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), Granulocyet macrophage colony stimulation factor, α2 microglobulin, Interleukin 1β, Myeloperoxidase, hyaluronic acid and Chondroitin sulfate.
14. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one biosensor system comprises a reference electrode comprising a biotransducer material but not a bioreceptor material.
15. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one biosensor system comprises one or more of nanowires and nanoparticles.
16. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one biosensor system comprises a conductive ink and an elastomeric binder.
17. The removable orthodontic device of claim 16 , wherein the elastomeric binder comprises: silicone, fluorine rubber, polyurethane and isoprene block co-polymers.
18. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one biosensor system further comprises a conductive substrate to which the biotransducer is attached and an insulating layer.
19. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one biosensor system is one of a plurality of biosensor systems operably coupled to different portions of the removable orthodontic device.
20. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , further comprising a physical sensor operatively coupled to the removable orthodontic device, wherein the physical sensor is configured to sense one or more of a force, a pressure, a temperature, or a movement of the plurality of teeth.
21. The removable orthodontic device of claim 1 , further comprising a communication module including a transmitter for transmitting sensor data to a remote device.
22. A removable orthodontic device comprising:
a plurality of tooth receiving cavities configured to receive a plurality of teeth and to exert one or more orthodontic repositioning forces on the plurality of teeth; and
at least one biosensor system comprising:
a bioreceptor configured to cause a first interaction with one or more tooth motion biomarkers in fluid in the oral cavity, the first interaction being related to a first biomarker expression change of the one or more tooth motion biomarkers, and the first biomarker expression change being associated with a specific phase of tooth movement of the plurality of teeth;
a biotransducer coupled to the bioreceptor, the biotransducer configured to transduce the first interaction into a first interaction signal representative of the first interaction, wherein the specific phase of tooth movement corresponds to velocity of root movement of roots of the plurality of teeth; and
a processor configured to determine whether a signal strength of the first interaction signal is above or below a threshold signal strength for the specific phase of tooth movement and to provide an indication for changing the removable orthodontic device based on whether the signal strength is above or below the threshold signal strength.
23. The removable orthodontic device of claim 22 , wherein the processor is configured to determine when the velocity of root movement is substantially zero, thereby indicating a conclusion of a portion of an orthodontic treatment plan.
24. The removable orthodontic device of claim 22 , wherein the processor is configured to indicate the specific phase of tooth movement, a rate of tooth movement, or the specific phase of tooth movement and the rate of tooth movement.
25. The removable orthodontic device of claim 22 , wherein the processor is configured to provide one or more recommendations to modify an orthodontic treatment plan.
26. The removable orthodontic device of claim 22 , wherein the at least one biosensor system is configured to obtain the first interaction signal at predetermined time intervals based on expected tooth movements to be produced by the removable orthodontic device.