Production of permanent magnets using electrophoretic deposition
In one embodiment, a magnet includes a plurality of layers, each layer having a microstructure of sintered particles. The particles in at least one of the layers are characterized as having preferentially aligned magnetic orientations in a first direction.
1. A magnet, comprising:
a plurality of layers, each layer having a microstructure of sintered particles,
wherein the microstructure has a physical characteristic of being sintered at a temperature that remains below the melting point of the magnet,
wherein the microstructure of at least one of the layers is characterized by the sintered particles having preferentially aligned magnetic orientations in a first direction,
wherein at least one of the layers has physical characteristics of being deposited by electrophoretic deposition according to a predefined three-dimensional pattern,
wherein the layers have a physical characteristic of being deposited above a non-planar electrode, the physical characteristic being a non-planar surface corresponding to the non-planarity of the electrode.
2. The magnet as recited in claim 1 , wherein all of the layers have a physical characteristic of being deposited by an electrophoretic deposition process.
3. The magnet as recited in claim 2 , wherein a profile of the non-planar electrode is selected from the group consisting of: a curved profile, a conical profile, a polygon profile, and a circular profile.
4. The magnet as recited in claim 1 , wherein the magnet is a permanent magnet.
5. The magnet as recited in claim 1 , wherein each layer individually comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of: neodymium, cobalt, samarium, iron, nickel, ferrite, boride, and a combination thereof.
6. The magnet as recited in claim 1 , wherein at least one of the layers has a gradient in composition, microstructure and/or density in at least one direction.
7. The magnet as recited in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of layers includes a first layer and a second layer formed above the first layer, wherein the first layer and/or the second layer has a gradient in composition, microstructure and/or density in a z-direction perpendicular to an x-y plane of the first layer.
8. The magnet as recited in claim 7 , wherein the first and second layers have the same composition.
9. The magnet as recited in claim 7 , wherein the second layer has different magnetic properties than the first layer.
10. The magnet as recited in claim 7 , wherein particles of the second layer are characterized as having commonly aligned magnetic orientations in a second direction that is different than the first direction.
11. The magnet as recited in claim 7 , wherein the plurality of layers includes a first layer and a second layer formed above the first layer, wherein the first and second layers have a gradient that includes a transition from a characteristic of the first layer selected from the group consisting of: a first composition, a first microstructure, and a first density of the first layer to a characteristic of the second layer selected from the group consisting of: a second composition that is different than the first composition, a second microstructure that is different than the first microstructure, and a second density that is different than the first density.
12. The magnet as recited in claim 1 , wherein the plurality of layers has a gradient in composition, microstructure and/or density in a z-direction perpendicular to an x-y plane of a first layer.
13. The magnet as recited in claim 1 , wherein a coercivity of the magnet is greater than about 10 kilo Oersteds at temperatures of at least 300 degrees Celsius.
14. The magnet as recited in claim 1 , wherein the microstructure has a physical characteristic that substantially matches a microstructure of the particles before sintering.
15. The magnet as recited in claim 1 , wherein one of the physical characteristics of being deposited by electrophoretic deposition is the particles in at least one layer being arranged in a predefined pattern.
16. The magnet as recited in claim 1 , wherein one of the physical characteristics of being deposited by electrophoretic deposition is a second layer deposited onto the at least one layer, the second layer being arranged in a second predefined pattern, wherein the predefined pattern is complementary to the second predefined pattern.
17. The magnet as recited in claim 16 , wherein the predefined pattern does not overlay the second predefined pattern.
18. A product, comprising:
a part having a plurality of layers of sintered magnetic anisotropic particles, each layer having a microstructure of the sintered particles, wherein the microstructure has a physical characteristic that substantially matches a microstructure of the particles before sintering,
wherein the microstructure is characterized by the sintered particles having preferentially aligned magnetic orientations in a first direction,
wherein the part is characterized by physical characteristics of formation by an electrophoretic deposition process, one of the physical characteristics being at least one layer deposited corresponding to a predefined pattern.
19. The product as recited in claim 18 , wherein the part has a gradient of composition, microstructure and/or density in a thickness direction of the layers.
20. The product as recited in claim 18 , wherein the part is a permanent magnet.
21. The product as recited in claim 18 , wherein each layer individually comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of: neodymium, cobalt, samarium, iron, nickel, ferrite, boride, and a combination thereof.
22. The product as recited in claim 18 , wherein the part has a thickness in a range of greater than about 5 nanometers and less than about 1 centimeter.
23. The product as recited in claim 18 , wherein the part has a coercivity greater than about 10 kilo Oersteds at temperatures of at least 300 degrees Celsius.
24. The product as recited in claim 18 , wherein the microstructure has a physical characteristic of being sintered at a temperature that remains below the melting point of the part.
25. The product as recited in claim 18 , wherein one of the physical characteristics of formation by the electrophoretic deposition process is particles in at least one layer being arranged in the predefined pattern.
26. The product as recited in claim 18 , wherein one of the physical characteristics of formation by the electrophoretic deposition process is a second layer deposited onto the at least one layer, the second layer being arranged in a second predefined pattern, wherein the predefined pattern is complementary to the second predefined pattern.
27. The product as recited in claim 26 , wherein the predefined pattern does not overlay the second predefined pattern.
28. The product as recited in claim 26 , wherein gaps are present between the complementary predefined pattern, gaps being defined as an area having substantially no material present.
29. The product as recited in claim 26 , wherein the second predefined pattern is a reverse pattern of the predefined pattern.