Continuous, semicontinuous and batch methods for treating liquids and manufacturing certain constituents (e.g., nanoparticles) in liquids, apparatuses and nanoparticles and nanoparticle/liquid solution(s) and colloids resulting therefrom
This invention relates generally to novel methods and novel devices for the continuous manufacture of nanoparticles, microparticles and nanoparticle/liquid solution(s) (e.g., colloids). The nanoparticles (and/or micron-sized particles) comprise a variety of possible compositions, sizes and shapes. The particles (e.g., nanoparticles) are caused to be present (e.g., created and/or the liquid is predisposed to their presence (e.g., conditioned)) in a liquid (e.g., water) by, for example, preferably utilizing at least one adjustable plasma (e.g., created by at least one AC and/or DC power source), which plasma communicates with at least a portion of a surface of the liquid. At least one subsequent and/or substantially simultaneous adjustable electrochemical processing technique is also preferred. Multiple adjustable plasmas and/or adjustable electrochemical processing techniques are preferred. Processing enhancers can be utilized alone or with a plasma. Semicontinuous and batch processes can also be utilized. The continuous processes cause at least one liquid to flow into, through and out of at least one trough member, such liquid being processed, conditioned and/or effected in said trough member(s). Results include constituents formed in the liquid including ions, micron-sized particles and/or nanoparticles (e.g., metallic-based nanoparticles) of novel size, shape, composition, concentration, zeta potential and certain other novel properties present in a liquid.
1. A substantially continuous process for forming gold nanocrystals in at least one liquid comprising:
flowing at least one liquid through at least one trough member, said at least one liquid having an upper surface and a flow direction, and said at least one flowing liquid further comprising at least one processing enhancer;
providing at least one first electrode control device containing at least one first set of electrodes comprising gold, said at least one first set of electrodes comprising gold in contact with said at least one flowing liquid;
providing at least one AQ power source connected to said at least one first set of electrodes comprising gold;
providing at least one second electrode control device containing at least one second set of electrodes comprising gold, said at least one second set of electrodes comprising gold also in contact with said at least one flowing liquid and located downstream in said flow direction from said at least one first electrode control device containing said at least one first set of electrodes comprising gold;
providing at least one second AC power source connected to said at least one second set of electrodes comprising gold; and
conducting at least one electrochemical reaction in said at least one liquid at said at least one first set of electrodes comprising gold and also at said at least one second set of electrodes comprising gold thereby producing at least some gold nanocrystals within said at least one flowing liquid.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein said at least one trough member comprises a conduit with at least one inlet and at least one outlet which permits said at least one liquid to flow therein.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein said at least one first set of electrodes comprising gold comprise the shape of wires.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein a plurality of said at least one second electrode control device is provided in addition to said at least one first electrode control device, wherein each of said plurality of second electrode control devices contains a second set of electrodes comprising gold and each of which said second sets of electrodes contacts said at least one liquid to cause said at least one electrochemical reaction to occur in said at least one liquid thus creating at least some gold nanocrystals in said at least one liquid from each of said second sets of electrodes.
5. The process of claim 4 , wherein said at least one first and at least one second AC power sources operates at 60 Hz.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein each of said at least one first electrode control device and each of said at least one second electrode control device adjusts the location of each of said at least one first set of electrodes comprising gold and each of said at least one second set of electrodes comprising gold by raising or lowering at least one of the electrodes of said first and second set of electrodes comprising gold relative to the upper surface of said at least one liquid.
7. The process of claim 6 , wherein each said set of electrodes comprising gold are in the shape of wires.
8. The process of claim 7 , wherein said gold wires are moveable in said flowing liquid by said at least one first electrode control device and said at least one second electrode control device.
9. The process of claim 8 , wherein said gold wires have a diameter which comprises at least one size selected from the group of sizes consisting of about 0.5 mm and about 1.0 mm.
10. The process of claim 9 , wherein said at least one first and second electrode control devices cause said at least one first set of electrodes comprising gold and said at least one second set of electrodes comprising gold to operate at an AC voltage of about 250 volts to about 946 volts.
11. The process of claim 10 , wherein said at least one liquid is pumped through said at least one trough member, said at least one trough member having an inlet portion and an outlet portion.
12. The process of claim 1 , wherein said at least one liquid comprises water.
13. The process of claim 12 , wherein said at least one processing enhancer comprises at least one material from the group consisting of NaHCO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 and KHCO 3 .
14. The process of claim 12 , wherein said processing enhancer comprises KHCO 3.
15. The process of claim 12 , wherein said processing enhancer comprises Na 2 CO 3 .
16. The process of claim 1 , wherein said at least one first set of electrodes comprising gold is present with six sets of said at least one second set of electrode sets comprising gold.
17. The process of claim 1 , wherein at least five sets of electrodes comprising gold are provided.
18. The process of claim 1 , wherein each of said at least one first electrode control device and said at least one second electrode control device comprises step motors having wheel-shaped components in electrical contact with each of said electrodes comprising gold.
19. The process of claim 1 , wherein said gold-based nanocrystals are present in said at least one liquid in an amount of at least 2 ppm.
20. A substantially continuous process for growing gold nanocrystals in water comprising:
flowing said water through at least one trough member, said at least one trough member comprising at least one set of electrode female receiving portions, said flowing water having an upper surface and a flow direction and said flowing water further comprising at least one processing enhancer;
holding at least one first and at least one second moveable set of electrodes comprising gold wires in at least one electrode control device, such that at least a portion of said gold wires can be moved through said flowing water;
providing at least one AC power source connected to each of said sets of electrodes comprising gold wires;
partially immersing at least a portion of said at least one first and at least one second moveable sets of electrodes comprising gold wires within said flowing water and advancing gold wire in each of said moveable set of electrodes into said flowing water such that said gold wire advances toward and into each corresponding said female receiving portion; and
providing AC power to each of said sets of electrodes to cause at least one electrochemical reaction to occur in said flowing water at each of said sets of electrodes comprising gold, thereby producing at least some gold nanocrystals within said flowing water.
21. A substantially continuous process for growing gold nanocrystals in water comprising:
flowing said water through at least one trough member, said flowing water having an upper surface and a flow direction and said flowing water further comprising at least one processing enhancer,
holding at least one first and at least one second moveable set of electrodes comprising gold wires in at least one electrode control device, such that at least a portion of said gold wires can be moved through said flowing water, said at least one second set of electrodes comprising gold wires being located downstream in said flow direction from said at least at least one first set of movable electrodes comprising gold wires;
providing at least one AC power source connected to each of said sets of electrodes comprising gold wires;
partially immersing at least a portion of said at least one first and at least one second moveable sets of electrodes comprising gold wires within said flowing water and advancing gold wire in each of said moveable set of electrodes into said flowing water; and
providing AC power to each of said sets of electrodes comprising gold wires to cause at least one electrochemical reaction to occur in said flowing water at each of said sets of electrodes comprising gold, thereby producing at least some gold nanocrystals within said flowing water.