Quantum coherent devices with reduced energy dissipation
The disclosed technology can be used to increase lifetimes of quantum coherent devices such as qubits including transmons and xmons and to reduce the losses in resonators. Energy stored in superconducting devices can be lost by emission of phonons that couple to the environment. Defects in one or more materials in the quantum coherent device can cause the coupling to phonons. Patterning one or more of the layers creates a phononic bandgap that reduces or eliminates the emission of the phonons to the environment. The energy then couples back to the quantum coherent device.
1. A quantum coherent apparatus comprising:
one or more superconducting devices structured to exhibit different quantum states for quantum computing, each superconducting device including
a plurality of layers comprising
a patterned layer structured to exhibit a phononic bandgap; and
another layer coupled to the patterned layer, wherein a defect in the plurality of layers causes a one-way coupling of energy away from the quantum coherent apparatus via phonons excited within the phononic bandgap so that the phononic bandgap increases a lifetime of the quantum coherent device by reducing the one-way coupling of energy via the phonons.
2. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the patterned layer causes forbidden phonon energy states corresponding to a predetermined frequency to reduce the one-way coupling of energy via the phonons.
3. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more superconducting devices are patterned to reduce the one-way coupling of energy via the phonons.
4. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the patterned layer is a dielectric layer.
5. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the patterned layer is a substrate layer.
6. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the patterned layer is a ground plane layer.
7. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more superconducting devices comprise two superconducting devices.
8. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the two superconducting devices are connected together via a Josephson junction.
9. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the other layer includes a dielectric layer which includes the defects.
10. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the defects are present on a surface on the superconducting devices, a surface of the substrate, or a surface of a metal layer.
11. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of layers is structured to enable the energy from the phonons to be coupled back to the one or more superconducting devices.
12. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the quantum coherent apparatus is configured as a resonator.
13. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the patterned layer is patterned to include repeating geometric shapes.
14. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the repeating geometric shape includes a star.
15. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the repeating geometric shape includes a cross.
16. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the repeating geometric shape has a size between 200 nanometers and 5 microns.
17. The quantum coherent apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the quantum coherent apparatus is configured as a qubit comprising a transmon or an xmon.
18. A method of extending the lifetime of a quantum coherent device, the method comprising:
storing energy in one or more superconducting devices; and
prohibiting a band of phonon emission energies by patterning a layer of material to create a phononic bandgap to cause a one-way coupling of energy away from the quantum coherent device via phonons, wherein the phononic bandgap increases a lifetime of the quantum coherent device by reducing the one-way coupling of energy via the phonons.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein:
the layer includes one or more of a dielectric layer, a substrate layer, and a ground plane layer; and
the other layer includes one or more of a dielectric layer, a substrate layer, and a metal plane layer.
20. The method of claim 18 , comprising:
structuring the one or more superconducting devices to include two superconducting devices that are connected together via a Josephson junction.
21. The method of claim 18 , comprising structuring the quantum coherent device as a resonator.
22. The method of claim 18 , comprising configuring the quantum coherent device to store at least one quantum bit of information as part of the stored energy.