Subnanometer catalytic clusters for water splitting, method for splitting water using subnanometer catalyst clusters
The invention provides a catalytic electrode for converting molecules, the electrode comprising a predetermined number of single catalytic sites supported on a substrate. Also provided is a method for oxidizing water comprising contacting the water with size selected catalyst clusters. The invention also provides a method for reducing an oxidized moiety, the method comprising contacting the moiety with size selected catalyst clusters at a predetermined voltage potential.
1. A method for splitting water comprising:
a) contacting the water with a catalytic electrode of an electrocatalytic cell, wherein the electrocatalytic cell comprises the catalytic electrode, an alkaline electrolyte with a pH greater than 10, and a reference hydrogen electrode, wherein the two electrodes and electrolyte are all in fluid communication, and wherein the catalytic electrode comprises a wafer coated with (ultra)nanocrystalline diamond so as to define a surface supporting catalyst spots, each spot consisting only of a plurality of palladium clusters, wherein each of the clusters have a size of between 3 and 20 atoms and remain physically isolated from each other, wherein each cluster spot is between 4 and 5 mm in diameter wherein the size of all the plurality of palladium clusters is selected from the group consisting of 4 plus or minus 1, 6 plus or minus 2, and 17 plus or minus 3 atoms of palladium per cluster; and
b) applying a voltage to the electrodes.
2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the (ultra)nanocrystalline diamond overlays a foundation material.
3. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the wafer comprises silicon.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the voltage is between approximately −2 V and +2.5V.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the catalytic electrode is catalytically active at temperatures ranging between approximately 5° C. and 900° C.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the clusters do not dissolve into smaller clusters or agglomerate into larger clusters.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein wafer coverage by the clusters is about 0.1 atomic ML equivalent of palladium metal.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein each of the clusters size-selected to comprise 4 plus or minus 1 palladium atoms have a turnover rate of about −0.15 cluster −1 second −1 .
9. The method of claim 1 wherein each of the clusters size-selected to comprise 6 plus or minus 2 palladium atoms have a turnover rate of about 4.03 cluster −1 second −1 .
10. The method of claim 1 wherein each of the clusters size-selected to comprise 17 plus or minus 3 palladium atoms have a turnover rate of about 10.17 cluster −1 second −1 .
11. The method of claim 6 wherein the clusters are in fluid communication.