Small gap device system and method of fabrication

1. A thermionic energy converter system, comprising:

a first electrode comprising a first surface;

a second electrode comprising a second surface; and

a mesh spacer maintaining a gap between the first and second surfaces;

wherein:

the first and second surfaces are arranged facing each other across the gap;

the mesh spacer electrically and thermally isolates the first electrode from the second electrode;

the mesh spacer defines a mesh structure comprising a set of vertices and a set of paths connected between vertices of the set, the set of paths comprising a first path and a second path, wherein the first path is substantially non-linear;

the mesh spacer comprises a set of legs extending substantially along the set of paths, the set of legs comprising:

a first canaliculate leg defining a first lumen along the first path, wherein the first canaliculate leg contacts the first surface; and

a second canaliculate leg defining a second lumen along the second path, the second canaliculate leg connected to the first canaliculate leg via the set of legs, wherein the second canaliculate leg contacts the second surface; and

the mesh spacer defines a plurality of apertures between legs of the set of legs, wherein, for each aperture of the plurality, a respective first surface normal vector from the first surface to the second surface passes through the aperture and does not intersect the mesh spacer.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein:

a projection of the mesh spacer onto the first surface, along a vector normal to the first surface, defines a spacer projected area;

a projection of a convex hull of the mesh spacer onto the first surface, along the vector, defines a convex hull projected area; and

a ratio of the spacer projected area to the convex hull projected area defines a fill fraction, wherein the fill fraction is less than 10%.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the gap defines a gap width less than 25 μm between the first and second surface.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein:

the first canaliculate leg defines a first wall thickness less than 300 nm; and

the second canaliculate leg defines a second wall thickness less than 300 nm.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the mesh spacer comprises a multilayer oxide structure in contact with the first and second surfaces.

6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the multilayer oxide structure comprises:

a first oxide layer in contact with the first surface, the first oxide layer comprising hafnium;

a second oxide layer in contact with the second surface, the second oxide layer comprising hafnium; and

an intermediary oxide layer substantially encapsulated between the first and second oxide layers, the intermediary oxide layer comprising aluminum.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first canaliculate leg comprises:

a first member in contact with the first surface;

a second member arranged proximal the second surface; and

a sidewall connecting the first member to the second member, wherein a cross-section of the sidewall, defined on a plane normal the first path, is substantially non-linear between the first and second member;

wherein the sidewall and the second member cooperatively define the first lumen, wherein the second member is arranged between the first lumen and the second surface.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein:

the first path is connected between a first vertex and a second vertex of the set of vertices, wherein the system defines a segment from the first vertex to the second vertex;

the system defines a plane, wherein the plane includes the segment and a vector normal to the first surface; and

a projection of the first path onto the plane is substantially non-linear.

9. The system of claim 8 , wherein a path length of the first path between the first and second vertex is greater than a segment length of the segment by more than 10%.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first path defines a plurality of arcs.

11. A thermionic energy converter system, comprising:

a first electrode comprising a first surface;

a second electrode comprising a second surface; and

a mesh spacer maintaining a gap between the first and second surfaces, the mesh spacer cooperatively retained within the gap by the first and second surfaces;

wherein:

the first and second surfaces are arranged facing each other across the gap;

the mesh spacer electrically and thermally isolates the first electrode from the second electrode;

the mesh spacer defines a mesh structure comprising a set of vertices and a set of paths connected between vertices of the set;

the mesh spacer comprises a leg extending substantially along a path of the set of paths, the leg comprising:

a first member defining a first lumen along the path; and

a second member connected to the first member along a length of the first member;

the first member contacts the first surface;

the second member is arranged between the first member and the second surface;

the first and second member cooperatively define a second lumen, wherein the first lumen is substantially separated from the second lumen by the first member;

the first member is arranged between the first surface and the second lumen; and

the second member is arranged between the second surface and the second lumen.

12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the leg further comprises a plurality of support members arranged within the second lumen, each support member of the plurality connecting the first member to the second member.

13. The system of claim 11 , wherein the second lumen is defined along a second path, wherein the second path is substantially identical to a translation of the path.

14. The system of claim 11 , wherein the path is substantially non-linear.

15. The system of claim 11 , wherein the first member comprises:

a first portion in contact with the first surface;

a second portion arranged between the first lumen and the second member; and

a sidewall connecting the first portion to the second portion;

wherein the first lumen is defined between the sidewall and the second portion.

16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the second member comprises:

a third portion in contact with the first member;

a fourth portion arranged between the third portion and the second surface; and

a second sidewall connecting the third portion to the fourth portion;

wherein the second lumen is defined between the first member, the second sidewall, and the fourth portion.

17. The system of claim 11 , wherein:

a projection of the mesh spacer onto the first surface, along a vector normal to the first surface, defines a spacer projected area;

a projection of a convex hull of the mesh spacer onto the first surface, along the vector, defines a convex hull projected area; and

a ratio of the spacer projected area to the convex hull projected area defines a fill fraction, wherein the fill fraction is less than 25%.

18. The system of claim 11 , wherein the gap defines a gap width less than 10 μm between the first and second surface.

19. The system of claim 11 , wherein the mesh spacer comprises an oxide material in contact with the first and second surfaces.

20. The system of claim 11 , wherein a temperature difference between a first surface average temperature and a second surface average temperature is greater than 200° C.