Circuit and method for soft shutdown of a coil
A circuit and method for gradually reducing a coil current during a shutdown period is disclosed. The circuit and method include a controller that is configured in a control loop with a current sensor that measures the current in the coil and a transistor that can be controller to limit the current in the coil. The open-loop gain of the controller is determined by a resistance of a variable feedback resistor, and the resistance of the variable feedback resistor is reduced during the shutdown period as the coil current becomes small. The reduction of the resistance maintains a suitable phase margin by lowering the open loop gain of the circuit for low coil currents. Thus during shutdown, the circuit provides control accuracy for high coil currents and control stability for low coil currents.
1. A circuit comprising:
a transistor coupled to a coil and configured to allow a coil current to flow through the transistor at a current level that is based on a voltage at a terminal of the transistor;
a current sensor, coupled to the transistor, that senses the current level of the coil current;
a controller configured in a control loop with the current sensor and the transistor that is configured to adjust the voltage at the terminal of the transistor to reduce a difference between the sensed current level and a reference level, wherein the controller has an open loop gain determined by a resistance of a variable feedback resistor; and
a signal generator coupled to the controller that generates a ramp signal to (i) control the reference level of the controller so that the coil current is reduced gradually over a shutdown period and (ii) control the resistance of the variable feedback resistor so that the open loop gain of the controller is reduced over the shutdown period.
2. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the transistor is an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and the terminal is the gate of the IGBT.
3. The circuit according to claim 2 , further comprising a gate driver that is coupled to the gate of the IGBT.
4. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the coil is part of an ignition coil.
5. The circuit according to claim 4 , wherein the ignition coil is for a vehicle.
6. The circuit according to claim 4 , wherein the coil current is reduced gradually over the shutdown period to prevent an unwanted spark in the ignition coil during the shutdown period.
7. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the ramp signal creates a reference voltage that ramps linearly downward during the shutdown period.
8. The circuit according to claim 7 , wherein the coil current ramps linearly downward according to the reference voltage when the coil current in is in a high current region but deviates from ramping linearly downward according to the reference voltage when the coil current is in a low current region.
9. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the current sensor is a resistor in series with the transistor so that the current flowing through the transistor creates a sensed voltage on the resistor.
10. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the variable feedback resistor is a bank of series connected resistors that are each connected in parallel with a transistor of a bank of transistors so that when a particular transistor in the bank of transistor is turned ON the resistor that is in parallel with the particular transistor is shorted to reduce the resistance of the variable feedback resistor.
11. The circuit according to claim 10 , further comprising a transistor control circuit that is coupled to the signal generator, wherein the transistor control circuit includes a voltage divider that is tapped at a different voltages by the gates of each of the transistors in the bank of transistors so that the transistors are successively turned ON according to the ramp signal to reduce the resistance of the variable feedback resistor over the shutdown period.
12. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein the controller includes a differential amplifier coupled to an inverting amplifier, the inverting amplifier having negative feedback through the variable feedback resistor.
13. The circuit according to claim 1 , wherein open loop gain of the controller is reduced over the shutdown period to increase a phase margin in a low coil current region of a soft shutdown profile.
14. An ignition system comprising:
an ignition coil that includes a primary coil, a secondary coil and a spark gap;
an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) coupled to the primary coil and configured to allow a coil current to flow through the IGBT at a coil current level that is based on a voltage at a gate of the IGBT;
a current sensor coupled to the IGBT that senses the coil current level of the coil current;
a controller configured in a control loop with the current sensor and the IGBT that is configured to adjust the voltage at the gate of the IGBT to reduce a difference between the sensed coil current level and a reference level, wherein the controller has an open loop gain determined by a resistance of a variable feedback resistor;
a signal generator coupled to the controller that generates a ramp signal to (i) control the reference level of the controller so that the coil current level is reduced gradually over a shutdown period and (ii) control the resistance of the variable feedback resistor so that the open loop gain of the controller is reduced over the shutdown period.
15. The ignition system according to claim 14 , wherein the variable feedback resistor is a bank of series connected resistors that are each connected in parallel with a transistor of a bank of transistors so that when a particular transistor in the bank of transistor is turned ON the resistor that is in parallel with the particular transistor is shorted to reduce the resistance of the variable feedback resistor.
16. The ignition system according to claim 15 , further comprising a transistor control circuit that is coupled to the signal generator, wherein the transistor control circuit includes a voltage divider that is tapped at a different voltages by the gates of each of the transistors in the bank of transistors so that the transistors are successively turned ON according to the ramp signal and the resistance of the variable feedback resistor is reduced over the shutdown period.
17. The ignition system according to claim 14 , wherein the controller includes a differential amplifier coupled to an inverting amplifier, the inverting amplifier having negative feedback through the variable feedback resistor.
18. The ignition system according to claim 14 , wherein open loop gain of the controller is reduced over the shutdown period to increase a phase margin in a low coil current region of a soft shutdown profile.
19. A method for preventing an unwanted spark in an ignition coil during discharge:
sensing a coil current level in the ignition coil;
comparing the sensed coil current level to a reference level to determine a difference;
amplifying the difference using an inverting amplifier that has negative feedback determined by a variable feedback resistance;
controlling a gate of a transistor that limits the coil current level in the ignition coil based on the amplified difference;
repeating the sensing, the comparing, the amplifying, and the controlling as the reference level is reduced according to a ramp signal so that the coil current level is gradually reduced; and
reducing the feedback resistance as the coil current level is gradually reduced to increase a phase margin.
20. The method for preventing an unwanted spark in an ignition coil during discharge according to claim 19 , wherein the reducing the feedback resistance comprises:
successively shorting a bank of resistors according to the ramp signal to reduce the feedback resistance.