Systems and methods for mechanosynthesis
Systems and methods for mechanosynthesis are disclosed, including those that avoid the need for a bootstrap process, avoid the need to build tips via mechanosynthesis, avoid the need for charging tips with feedstock during a build sequence, avoid the need to dispose of reaction byproducts, which reduce the design complexity of new tips, and/or which reduce or avoid the need for multiple positional means and/or tip switching.
1. A system for facilitating at least one mechanosynthetic reaction, comprising at least one modular tip and a presentation surface, said at least one modular tip further comprising,
an atomically precise active site consisting of one or more atoms configured to bond to a desired atomically-precise feedstock,
a plurality of legs, each of which comprises a sequence of between one and twelve atoms that is bound to said presentation surface by at least one covalent bond; and
a body attached to each of said legs such that said sequence of atoms extends between and bonds to said body and to the presentation surface so as to attach said body onto said presentation surface via said legs, said body serving to chemically isolate said active site from said legs and from said presentation surface such that said active site is spaced apart from and exposed opposite the presentation surface, said body including at least one structure selected from the group of:
adamantanes,
heteroadamantanes,
either of the foregoing structures where hydrogen termination is incomplete, and
any of the foregoing structures with one or more terminating hydrogen atoms replaced with one or more substitute atoms; and
further wherein said active site is selected from the group of,
a pair of triple-bonded carbon atoms, in which case said legs are configured to position reactive sites on said legs at locations that correspond with available binding sites on said presentation surface such that the length and flexibility of said legs allows them to attach to binding sites on the presentation surface via at least one covalent bond, with a resulting tip structure stiffness and binding strength as to allow said active site to overcome energy barriers to bond atomically-precise feedstock onto said active site, and to break bonds to remove such feedstock, now bonded to said active site, from a workpiece site to which it was previously bonded, while said tip remains in place on said presentation surface, and
a germanium atom substituted into an adamantane body at a bridgehead position, in which case said legs are configured to position reactive sites on said legs at locations that correspond with available binding sites on said presentation surface such that the length and flexibility of said legs allows them to attach to binding sites on the presentation surface via at least one covalent bond, with a resulting tip structure stiffness and binding strength as to allow said active site to overcome energy barriers to bond atomically-precise feedstock, which is initially bound to said active site, onto a workpiece site to which such feedstock is to be attached, and to break the bond between said active site and said feedstock to leave such feedstock attached to the workpiece site to which it has become bonded, while said tip remains in place on said presentation surface.
2. The system of claim 1 where said at least one modular tip further comprises a plurality of modular tips.
3. The system of claim 2 where said plurality of modular tips includes at least one thousand tips.
4. The system of claim 2 where said plurality of modular tips includes multiple types of tips that differ in the chemical composition of at least one of: active sites of said tips, and bodies of said tips.
5. The system of claim 4 where said plurality of modular tips includes pre-charged donation tips.
6. The system of claim 4 where said multiple types of tips include at least three different types, not counting charged versus uncharged states of the same type of tip as distinct types.
7. The system of claim 4 where said multiple types of tips are arranged by sector.
8. The system of claim 4 where said multiple types of tips are arranged randomly.
9. The system of claim 4 where said multiple types of tips are arranged to minimize the tip movement or travel time required to fabricate a workpiece.
10. The system of claim 4 where said presentation surface comprises one or more presentation surfaces selected from the group consisting of silicon, functionalized silicon, and gold.
11. The system of claim 2 further comprising a positional device capable of point-to-point sub-angstrom accuracy.
12. The system of claim 11 further comprising a closed-loop system which uses optical interferometry.
13. The system of claim 1 wherein said at least one modular tip has three legs.
14. The system of claim 1 wherein said at least one modular tip further comprises a pair of triple-bonded carbon atoms that serves as said active site.
15. A system for facilitating at least one mechanosynthetic reaction, comprising at least one modular tip and a presentation surface, said at least one modular tip further comprising,
an atomically precise active site configured to bond to a desired atomically-precise feedstock, said active site being provided by a germanium atom substituted into an adamantane body at a bridgehead position;
a plurality of legs, each of which comprises a sequence of between one and twelve atoms that is bound to said presentation surface by a bond from the group of covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and coordinate bonds; and
a body attached to each of said legs such that said sequence of atoms extends between and bonds to said body and to the presentation surface, said body serving to chemically isolate said active site from said legs and from said presentation surface, said body including at least one structure selected from the group of:
adamantanes,
heteroadamantanes,
either of the foregoing structures where hydrogen termination is incomplete, and
any of the foregoing structures with one or more terminating hydrogen atoms replaced with one or more substitute atoms.
16. A system for facilitating at least one mechanosynthetic reaction, comprising at least one modular tip and a presentation surface, said at least one modular tip further comprising,
an atomically precise active site consisting of one or more atoms configured to bond to a desired atomically-precise feedstock, wherein said active site is selected from the group of,
a pair of triple-bonded carbon atoms, and
a germanium atom substituted into an adamantane body at a bridgehead position;
a plurality of legs, each of which comprises a sequence of between one and twelve atoms that is bound to said presentation surface by at least one covalent bond; and
a body attached to each of said legs such that said sequence of atoms extends between and bonds to said body and to the presentation surface so as to attach said body onto said presentation surface via said legs, said body serving to chemically isolate said active site from said legs and from said presentation surface such that said active site is spaced apart from and exposed opposite the presentation surface, said body including at least one structure selected from the group of:
adamantanes,
heteroadamantanes,
either of the foregoing structures where hydrogen termination is incomplete, and
any of the foregoing structures with one or more terminating hydrogen atoms replaced with one or more substitute atoms; and
further wherein said legs have a chemical structure different from that of said body.
17. The system of claim 16 wherein said at least one tip has three legs.
18. The system of claim 16 wherein said legs contain at least one atom other than carbon or hydrogen.
19. The system of claim 16 wherein said legs have a chemical structure different from that of said presentation surface.
20. The system of claim 16 wherein said sequence of atoms of said legs includes at least one chemical structure selected from the group of:
a sulfur atom;
an oxygen atom;
an organic ring; and
an NH group.