Hollow core optical fiber and a laser system
A hollow core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) comprising an outer cladding region and 7 hollow tubes surrounded by the outer cladding region. Each of the hollow tubes is fused to the outer cladding to form a ring defining an inner cladding region and a hollow core region surrounded by the inner cladding region. The hollow tubes are not touching each other, but are arranged with distance to adjacent hollow tubes. The hollow tubes each have an average outer diameter d2 and an average inner diameter d1, wherein d1/d2 is equal to or larger than about 0.8, such as equal to or larger than about 0.85, such as equal to or larger than about 0.9. Also a laser system is disclosed.
1. A hollow core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) comprising an outer cladding region and 7 hollow tubes surrounded by said outer cladding region, each of said hollow tubes having an average outer tube diameter d2 and an average inner tube diameter d1,
wherein each of said hollow tubes is fused to said outer cladding region to form a ring defining an inner cladding region and a hollow core region surrounded by said inner cladding region,
wherein said hollow tubes are not touching each other, and
wherein at least one of said hollow tubes is free of a nested sub-tube having an average outer sub-tube diameter smaller than the average inner diameter d1 of said hollow tube and arranged in the hollow structure of the hollow tube and fused to the hollow tube,
wherein each of said hollow tubes comprises a core center facing region with a wall thickness and at least one of the hollow tubes has a different wall thickness than at least one other of the hollow tubes.
2. The hollow core PCF of claim 1 , wherein d1/d2 is equal to or larger than about 0.8.
3. The hollow core PCF of claim 1 , wherein said hollow tubes have a center to center distance Λ between adjacent hollow tubes which center to center distance is between about 1.01*d2 and about 1.5*d2.
4. The hollow core PCF of claim 1 , wherein said hollow core region has a core diameter D of from about 10 μm to about 100 μm.
5. The hollow core PCF of claim 4 wherein said average outer tube diameter relative to the core diameter d2/D is from about 0.5 to about 0.75.
6. The hollow core PCF of claim 4 wherein said average outer tube diameter relative to the core diameter d2/D is from about 0.65 to about 0.72.
7. The hollow core PCF of claim 1 , wherein said hollow core region has a core diameter D, wherein said average outer tube diameter relative to the core diameter d2/D is from about 0.5 to about 0.75.
8. The hollow core PCF of claim 1 , wherein said hollow core region has a core diameter D, wherein said average outer tube diameter relative to the core diameter d2/D is from about 0.65 to about 0.72.
9. The hollow core PCF of claim 1 , wherein said wall thickness is up to about 2.1 μm.
10. The hollow core PCF of claim 1 , wherein the minimum distance between adjacent hollow tubes is at least about 0.1 μm.
11. The hollow core PCF of claim 1 , wherein the hollow core region and said hollow tubes independently of each other:
comprise gas selected from air, argon, nitrogen or mixtures comprising any of the mentioned gasses;
are vacummated; or
are filled with pressurized gas.
12. The hollow core PCF of claim 1 , wherein the outer cladding region has an outer diameter of at least about 125 μm.
13. The hollow core PCF of claim 1 , wherein the outer cladding region and/or the hollow tubes comprise a solid glass material.
14. A laser system for delivering laser light to a user apparatus, said laser system comprising a laser light source and a fiber delivery cable for delivering light from the laser light source to the user apparatus, wherein said fiber delivery cable comprises a hollow core PCF according to claim 1 .
15. The laser system of claim 14 , wherein said hollow core region has a core diameter D, wherein said average outer tube diameter relative to the core diameter d2/D is from about 0.5 to about 0.75.
16. The laser system of claim 14 , wherein said hollow core region has a core diameter D, wherein said average outer tube diameter relative to the core diameter d2/D is from about 0.65 to about 0.72.
17. The laser system of claim 14 , wherein said laser light source has a pulse duration of from about 30 fs to about 30 ps and a peak power determined at the exit of the laser light source which is at least about 5 kW.
18. The laser system of claim 14 , wherein said hollow core PCF has a first fiber end which is adapted for being connected to said user apparatus and a second fiber end optically connected to an output fiber of said laser light source via a fiber coupling structure, wherein said fiber coupling structure comprises at least one of:
a focusing lens;
a graded-index element (GRIN);
a protection element; or
a ferrule structure.
19. The hollow core PCF of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the hollow tubes having a different wall thickness than at least one other of the hollow tubes comprises at least one of the hollow tubes comprising a nodule at said core facing region.
20. The hollow core PCF of claim 1 , wherein three of the hollow tubes have a first wall thickness and four of the hollow tubes have second wall thickness, wherein the first wall thickness is different from the second wall thickness.
21. The hollow core PCF of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the hollow tubes has a wall thickness which is at least about 5% larger than the wall thickness of the at least one other of the hollow tubes.
22. The hollow core PCF of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the hollow tubes has a wall thickness which is at least about 10% larger than the wall thickness of the at least one other of the hollow tubes.
23. A hollow core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) comprising an outer cladding region and 7 hollow tubes surrounded by said outer cladding region, each of said hollow tubes having an average outer tube diameter d2 and an average inner tube diameter d1,
wherein each of said hollow tubes is fused to said outer cladding region to form a ring defining an inner cladding region and a hollow core region surrounded by said inner cladding region,
wherein said hollow tubes are not touching each other, and
wherein at least one of said hollow tubes is free of a nested sub-tube having an average outer sub-tube diameter smaller than the average inner diameter d1 of said hollow tube and arranged in the hollow structure of the hollow tube and fused to the hollow tube,
wherein the outer cladding region comprises a photonic bandgap structure surrounding said inner cladding region.
24. The hollow core PCF of claim 23 , wherein each of said hollow tubes comprises a core center facing region with a wall thickness and at least one of the hollow tubes has a different wall thickness than at least one other of the hollow tubes.
25. The hollow core PCF of claim 24 , wherein three of the hollow tubes have a first wall thickness and four of the hollow tubes have second wall thickness, wherein the first wall thickness is different from the second wall thickness.
26. The hollow core PCF of claim 24 , wherein the at least one of the hollow tubes has a wall thickness which is at least about 5% larger than the wall thickness of the at least one other of the hollow tubes.
27. A laser system for delivering laser light to a user apparatus, said laser system comprising a laser light source and a fiber delivery cable for delivering light from the laser light source to the user apparatus, wherein said fiber delivery cable comprises a hollow core PCF according to claim 23 .
28. A hollow core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) comprising an outer cladding region and 7 hollow tubes surrounded by said outer cladding region, each of said hollow tubes having an average outer tube diameter d2 and an average inner tube diameter d1,
wherein each of said hollow tubes is fused to said outer cladding region to form a ring defining an inner cladding region and a hollow core region surrounded by said inner cladding region,
wherein said hollow tubes are not touching each other, and
wherein at least one of said hollow tubes is free of a nested sub-tube having an average outer sub-tube diameter smaller than the average inner diameter d1 of said hollow tube and arranged in the hollow structure of the hollow tube and fused to the hollow tube,
wherein the outer cladding region has an outer diameter of at least about 125 μm,
wherein the outer cladding region comprises an outer background material having a refractive index N ∝ and a plurality of inclusions having a refractive index different from the refractive index of the background material.
29. The hollow core PCF claim 28 , wherein said plurality of inclusions have an average diameter (d inc ) of up to about 2.5 μm.
30. The hollow core PCF of claim 28 , wherein said plurality of inclusions are arranged at a pitch (Λ inc ) of up to about 6 μm.
31. The hollow core PCF of claim 28 , wherein each of said hollow tubes comprises a core center facing region with a wall thickness and at least one of the hollow tubes has a different wall thickness than at least one other of the hollow tubes.
32. The hollow core PCF of claim 31 , wherein three of the hollow tubes have a first wall thickness and four of the hollow tubes have second wall thickness, wherein the first wall thickness is different from the second wall thickness.
33. The hollow core PCF of claim 31 , wherein the at least one of the hollow tubes has a wall thickness which is at least about 5% larger than the wall thickness of the at least one other of the hollow tubes.
34. A laser system for delivering laser light to a user apparatus, said laser system comprising a laser light source and a fiber delivery cable for delivering light from the laser light source to the user apparatus, wherein said fiber delivery cable comprises a hollow core PCF according to claim 28 .