Method of direct target sequencing using nuclease protection
The present disclosure provides methods and kits for direct sequencing of nucleic acid targets. Such methods can be used to determine if one or more nucleic acid targets are present in a sample.
1. A method of determining a sequence of a target nucleic acid molecule in a sample, comprising:
contacting the sample with at least one nuclease protection probe comprising a flanking sequence (NPPF) under conditions sufficient for the NPPF to specifically bind to the target nucleic acid molecule,
wherein the NPPF comprises:
a 5′-end and a 3′-end,
a sequence complementary to a region of the target nucleic acid molecule, permitting specific binding between the NPPF and the target nucleic acid molecule,
wherein the flanking sequence is located 5′, 3′, or both, to the sequence complementary to the target nucleic acid molecule, wherein the 5′-flanking sequence is 5′ of the sequence complementary to the target nucleic acid molecule, and the 3′-flanking sequence is 3′ of the sequence complementary to the target nucleic acid molecule,
wherein the flanking sequence comprises at least 12 contiguous nucleotides not found in a nucleic acid molecule present in the sample,
if the NPPF comprises a 5′-flanking sequence, contacting the sample with a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence complementary to the 5′-flanking sequence (5CFS), a 5′-end phosphate, under conditions sufficient for the 5′-flanking sequence to specifically hybridize to the 5CFS;
if the NPPF comprises a 3′-flanking sequence, contacting the sample with a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence complementary to the 3′-flanking sequence (3CFS) under conditions sufficient for the 3′-flanking sequence to specifically hybridize to the 3CFS;
wherein at least one of the 3CFS and the 5CFS comprises a capture moiety;
wherein at least one nucleotide in the NPPF does not have complementarity to the corresponding nucleotide in the target nucleic acid molecule, or does not have complementarity to the corresponding nucleotide in the 5CFS or 3CFS,
generating an NPPF hybridized to the target nucleic acid molecule, hybridized to the 3CFS, hybridized to the 5CFS, or hybridized to both the 3CFS and the 5CFS;
contacting the sample with a nuclease specific for single-stranded nucleic acid molecules under conditions sufficient to remove unbound nucleic acid molecules, thereby generating a digested sample comprising NPPF hybridized to the target nucleic acid molecule, hybridized to the 3CFS, hybridized to the 5CFS, or hybridized to both the 3CFS and the 5CFS;
capturing the NPPF hybridized to the target nucleic acid molecule, hybridized to the 3CFS, hybridized to the 5CFS, or hybridized to both the 3CFS and the 5CFS;
ligating the 5′-phosphate of the 3CFS to a 3′-end of the target nucleic acid molecule, and ligating a 3′-end of the 5CFS to a 5′-end of the target nucleic acid molecule, thereby generating a ligated target nucleic acid molecule;
separating the NPPF from the ligated target nucleic acid molecule, thereby generating a mixture comprising single stranded NPPF and single stranded ligated target nucleic acid molecule; and
sequencing at least a portion of the single stranded ligated target nucleic acid molecule, thereby determining the sequence of the at least one target nucleic acid molecule in the sample.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the NPPF comprises at least one dUTP, and the method further comprises contacting the mixture comprising single stranded NPPF and single stranded ligated target nucleic acid molecule with uracil DNA deglycosylase (UDG) under conditions sufficient for degrading the single stranded NPPF, after the denaturing and before the sequencing.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the at least one dUTP is located within 5 base pairs of the sequence complementary to a region of the target nucleic acid molecule.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the NPPF comprises both a 5′-flanking sequence and a 3′-flanking sequence, and the method further comprises after the denaturing and before the sequencing,
contacting the single stranded ligated target nucleic acid molecule with a first amplification primer comprising a region that is complementary to the 3CFS and with a second amplification primer comprising a region that is complementary to the 5CFS; and
amplifying the single stranded ligated target nucleic acid molecule with the first and second amplification primers.
5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising removing the first and second amplification primers after the amplifying and prior to the sequencing.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein
the first and/or the second amplification primer further comprises a sequence that permits attachment of an experimental tag or sequencing adaptor to the single stranded ligated target nucleic acid molecule during the amplification step, or
the first amplification primer further comprises a sequence that permits attachment of a first experiment tag and/or a first sequencing adaptor to the 5′-end of the single stranded ligated target nucleic acid molecule during the amplification step, and wherein the second amplification primer further comprises a sequence that permits attachment of a second experiment tag and/or a second sequencing adaptor to the 3′-end of the single stranded ligated target nucleic acid molecule during the amplification step.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the experiment tag comprises a nucleic acid sequence that permits identification of a sample, subject, treatment or target nucleic acid sequence.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the sequencing adaptor comprises a nucleic acid sequence that permits capture onto a sequencing platform.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the experiment tag or sequence adaptor is present on the 5′-end or 3′-end of the single stranded ligated target nucleic acid molecule.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the NPPF comprises both a 5′-flanking sequence and a 3′-flanking sequence, wherein at least one flanking sequence comprises at least one dUTP, and the method further comprises after the denaturing and before the sequencing:
washing the mixture comprising single stranded NPPF and single stranded ligated target nucleic acid molecule comprising contacting the mixture with a surface that can bind to the capture moiety and removing undesired agents;
contacting the mixture comprising single stranded NPPF and single stranded ligated target nucleic acid molecule with uracil DNA deglycosylase (UDG) under conditions sufficient for degrading the single stranded NPPF;
contacting the single stranded ligated target nucleic acid molecule with a first amplification primer comprising a region that is complementary to the 3CFS and with a second amplification primer comprising a region that is complementary to the 5CFS; and
amplifying the ligated target nucleic acid molecule with the first and second amplification primers.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one target nucleic acid molecule is
DNA, and wherein the 5CFS and the 3CFS are DNA;
DNA, and wherein the 5CFS is DNA and the 3CFS is RNA;
RNA, and wherein the 5CFS is DNA and the 3CFS is RNA; or
RNA, and wherein the 5CFS is RNA and the 3CFS is RNA.
12. The method any of claim 1 , wherein the NPPF comprises a DNA molecule.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the NPPF comprises 35-150 nucleotides.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sequence complementary to a region of the target nucleic acid molecule is 10-60 nucleotides in length.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flanking sequence is 12 to 50 nucleotides in length.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the NPPF comprises a flanking sequence at the 5′-end and the 3′-end, wherein the flanking sequence at the 5′-end differs from the flanking sequence at the 3′-end.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the capture moiety comprises a solid support or a label.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one target nucleic acid molecule is fixed, cross-linked, or insoluble.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the NPPF is a DNA and the nuclease comprises an exonuclease, an endonuclease, or a combination thereof.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nuclease specific for single-stranded nucleic acid molecules comprises S1 nuclease.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method sequences or detects one or more target nucleic acid molecules in a plurality of samples simultaneously.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method sequences or detects at least two target nucleic acid molecules, and wherein the sample is contacted with at least two different NPPFs, each NPPF specific for a different target nucleic acid molecule.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method sequences or detects at least two different target nucleic acid molecules, and wherein the sample is contacted with at least one NPPF specific for the at least two different target nucleic acid molecules.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the at least two different target nucleic acid molecules comprise a wild type gene sequence and at least one mutation in the gene sequence.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is performed on a plurality of samples and at least two different target nucleic acid molecules are detected in each of the plurality of samples.
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one NPPF is specific for a miRNA target nucleic acid molecule and at least one NPPF is specific for an mRNA target nucleic acid molecule.
27. The method of claim 1 , further comprising lysing the sample.
28. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the sequence of the target nucleic acid molecule determines if the target nucleic acid molecule comprises a point mutation.
29. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further includes polymerizing the captured target nucleic acid molecule at the same time as the ligation step, or prior to the ligation step.