3-dimensional printed load cell parts
A 3-dimensional printed load cell part can include a part body formed of fused thermoplastic polymer particles, and a plurality of strain sensors separately formed of a matrix of conductive particles interlocked with a matrix of fused thermoplastic polymer particles. The plurality of strain sensors can have a first electrical contact at a first end and a second electrical contact at a second end. The particles of the plurality of strain sensors can be continuously fused to the particles of the part body.
1. A 3-dimensional printed load cell part, comprising:
a part body formed of fused thermoplastic polymer particles; and
a plurality of strain sensors separately formed of a matrix of fused conductive particles interlocked with a matrix of fused thermoplastic polymer particles, the plurality of strain sensors each having a first electrical contact at a first end and a second electrical contact at a second end,
wherein the particles of the plurality of strain sensors are continuously fused to the particles of the part body.
2. The 3-dimensional printed load cell part of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of strain sensors are formed on a surface of the printed part.
3. The 3-dimensional printed load cell part of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of strain sensors are embedded in the part body and a plurality of electrical contacts of the plurality of strain sensors are formed on a surface of the printed part.
4. The 3-dimensional printed load cell part of claim 1 , wherein each of the strain sensors has a resistance from 1 ohm to 1 megaohm.
5. The 3-dimensional printed load cell part of claim 1 , wherein the conductive particles comprise conductive polymers, metals, carbon allotropes, or a combination thereof.
6. The 3-dimensional printed load cell part of claim 1 , wherein the fused thermoplastic polymer particles comprise a fusing agent selected from carbon black, a near-infrared absorbing dye, a near-infrared absorbing pigment, a tungsten bronze, a molybdenum bronze, metal nanoparticles, a conjugated polymer, or combinations thereof.
7. The 3-dimensional printed load cell part of claim 1 , wherein each of the strain sensors further comprises an activating ink in the matrix of fused conductive particles, the matrix of fused thermoplastic polymer particles, or both.
8. The 3-dimensional printed load cell part of claim 1 , wherein the part body is formed of multiple layers of fused thermoplastic polymer particles stacked in a z-axis direction, wherein each of the plurality of strain sensors is oriented at least partially in the z-axis direction, and wherein each of the plurality of strain sensors extends across a plurality of the layers of fused thermoplastic polymer particles of the part body.
9. A method of making a 3-dimensional printed load cell part, comprising:
dispensing a conductive fusing ink onto a plurality of sensor areas of a layer of thermoplastic polymer particles, wherein the conductive fusing ink comprises conductive particles;
dispensing a second fusing ink onto non-sensor areas of the layer of thermoplastic polymer particles, wherein the second fusing ink comprises a fusing agent capable of absorbing electromagnetic radiation to produce heat; and
fusing the plurality of sensor areas and the non-sensor areas with electromagnetic radiation to form a plurality of strain sensors in the plurality of sensor areas and a part body in the non-sensor areas, wherein the plurality of strain sensors comprise a matrix of conductive particles interlocked with a matrix of fused thermoplastic polymer particles and the part body comprises fused thermoplastic polymer particles, and wherein the particles of each of the plurality of strain sensors are continuously fused to the particles of the part body.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein each of the plurality of strain sensors is formed at least partially oriented in a z-axis direction such that each of the strain sensors extends across multiple layers of the 3-dimensional printed load cell part.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of strain sensors are formed across the same multiple layers.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein a first set of the plurality of strain sensors are formed across different layers than a second set of the plurality of strain sensors.
13. A load cell, comprising:
a first set of strain sensors electrically connected along a first current path, the first set of strain sensors being separately formed of a matrix of fused conductive particles interlocked with a matrix of fused thermoplastic polymer particles; and
a second set of strain sensors electrically connected along a second current path, the second set of strain sensors being separately formed of a matrix of fused conductive particles interlocked with a matrix of fused thermoplastic polymer particles, wherein the first current path and the second current path are parallel current paths in a common electrical circuit.
14. The load cell of claim 13 , wherein the first set of strain sensors and the second set of strain sensors are formed as part of a monolithic body.
15. The load cell of claim 14 , wherein the first set of strain sensors and the second set of strain sensors are interconnected by embedded internal electrical connections formed of a matrix of fused conductive particles interlocked with a matrix of fused thermoplastic polymer particles.
16. The 3-dimensional printed load cell part of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic polymer particles fused to form the part body and the thermoplastic polymer particles fused in the plurality of strain sensors have the same composition and average particle size.
17. The 3-dimensional printed load cell part of claim 16 , wherein the average particle size of the thermoplastic polymer particles is from 20 microns to 100 microns.
18. The 3-dimensional printed load cell part of claim 16 , wherein the thermoplastic polymer particles are selected from the group consisting of nylon 6 powder, nylon 9 powder, nylon 11 powder, nylon 12 powder, nylon 66 powder, nylon 612 powder, polyethylene powder, thermoplastic polyurethane powder, polypropylene powder, polyester powder, polycarbonate powder, polyether ketone powder, polyacrylate powder, polystyrene powder, and mixtures thereof.
19. The 3-dimensional printed load cell part of claim 18 , wherein the thermoplastic polymer particles are nylon 12 powder having a melting point from about 175° C. to about 200° C.
20. The load cell of claim 13 , wherein the thermoplastic polymer particles fused to form the part body and the thermoplastic polymer particles fused in the first set of strain sensors and the second set of strain sensors have the same composition and average particle size.