Radiation amount determination for an intended surface property level

1. An apparatus comprising:

a processor; and

a memory on which is stored machine readable instructions to cause the processor to:

identify an intended color for a surface of a three-dimensional (3D) object to be formed by an additive manufacturing apparatus;

determine an amount of radiation to be applied by the additive manufacturing apparatus as a flash of radiation onto the surface to obtain the intended color, wherein the amount of flash applied radiation is determined based on data identifying correlations between colors of the 3D object and flash applied radiation amounts; and

output the determined amount of radiation to be applied as a flash of radiation, wherein a radiation source of the additive manufacturing apparatus is configured to flash apply the determined amount of radiation onto the surface of the 3D object.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein to determine the amount of radiation, the instructions further cause the processor to determine an intensity level, a duration, or both, at which the radiation is to be flash applied, and wherein the duration, if determined by the processor, is determined based on the source of radiation to be between about 200 microseconds (μs) and about 2 seconds (s).

3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the apparatus comprises the additive manufacturing apparatus, the additive manufacturing apparatus comprising:

the radiation source, wherein the radiation source is one of a xenon lamp, a quartz tungsten halogen lamp, and a laser, and wherein the instructions further cause the processor to control the radiation source to flash apply the determined amount of radiation onto the surface of the 3D object.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the instructions further cause the processor to:

access the data identifying correlations between colors of the 3D object and flash applied radiation amounts; and

determine the amount of radiation to be flash applied based upon the identified correlations in the accessed data.

5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the instructions further cause the processor to:

identify an intended surface property level of the surface of the 3D object;

access data identifying correlations between surface property levels of the 3D object, flash applied radiation amounts, and colors; and

determine the amount of radiation to be flashed applied onto the surface based upon the identified correlations.

6. The apparatus according to claim 5 , wherein the surface property comprises at least one of roughness, texture, gloss, electrical conductivity, electrical resistivity, tribological properties or combinations thereof.

7. The apparatus according to claim 5 , wherein the instructions further cause the processor to:

determine, from the intended surface property level, a pattern of a material to be formed on the surface, wherein the pattern of material is configured to assist in the surface having the intended surface property level;

determine the amount of radiation to be flash applied to also cause the material to at least partially melt and flow;

control forming components of the additive manufacturing apparatus to form the pattern of material on the surface; and

control the radiation source of the additive manufacturing apparatus to flash apply the determined amount of radiation onto the surface of the 3D object following formation of the pattern of material on the surface to cause material to at least partially melt and flow.

8. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising:

a sensor to detect a surface property level of the surface of the 3D object,

wherein the instructions further cause the processor to:

determine the amount of radiation to be applied as a flash of radiation based upon the detected surface property level of the surface of the 3D object.

9. A method comprising:

identifying an intended color of a surface of a three-dimensional (3D) object to be or being formed by an additive manufacturing apparatus;

determining, from the intended color of the surface of the 3D object, an intensity level, a duration, or both, at which radiation is to be applied as a flash of radiation onto the surface to cause the surface to have the intended color, wherein the duration, if determined, is determined based on a source for the radiation to be between about 200 microseconds (μs) and about 2 seconds (s), and wherein the determined intensity level, duration, or both is based on data identifying correlations between colors of the 3D object, intensity levels of radiation flashes, and durations of radiation flashes; and

outputting the determined intensity level, duration, or both by the radiation source as a flash onto the surface to obtain the intended color on the surface of the 3D object.

10. The method according to claim 9 , further comprising:

accessing the data identifying correlations between colors of the 3D object, intensity levels of radiation flashes, and durations of radiation flashes,

wherein determining the intensity level, the duration, or both at which radiation is to be flashed onto the surface further comprises determining the intensity level, the duration, or both based upon the identified correlations in the accessed data.

11. The method according to claim 9 , further comprising:

detecting a surface property level of the surface of the 3D object,

wherein determining the intensity level, the duration, or both further comprises also determining the intensity level, the duration, or both based upon the detected surface property of the surface of the 3D object.

12. The method according to claim 9 , further comprising:

determining a pattern of a material to be formed on the surface, wherein the pattern of material is configured to assist in the surface having in intended surface property level, and wherein determining the intensity level, duration, or both further comprises determining the intensity level, duration, or both at which the radiation is to be flashed to also cause the material to at least partially melt and flow;

controlling forming components of the additive manufacturing apparatus to form the pattern of material on the surface; and

controlling the radiation source of the additive manufacturing apparatus to flash apply radiation at the determined intensity level, duration, or both onto the surface of the 3D object following formation of the pattern of material on the surface to cause the material to at least partially melt and flow.

13. A non-transitory computer readable medium on which is stored machine readable instructions that when executed by a processor cause the processor to:

identify an intended color of a surface of a three-dimensional (3D) object to be or being fabricated by an additive manufacturing apparatus;

identify a defined surface property level for the surface;

determine, from the intended color and the defined surface property level, an amount of radiation to be applied as a pulse of radiation onto the surface to cause the surface to obtain the intended color and the defined surface property level, wherein the amount of radiation is defined by an intensity level and a duration of the radiation, and wherein the determined amount of radiation is based on data identifying correlations between surface property levels of the 3D object, colors, intensity levels of radiation pulses, and durations of radiation pulses; and

output the determined amount of radiation to a radiation source of the apparatus.

14. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 13 , wherein the instructions further cause the processor to:

access the data identifying correlations between surface property levels, colors, intensity levels of radiation pulses, and durations of radiation pulses; and

determine an intensity level, a duration, or both at which radiation is to be applied as the pulse of radiation onto the surface based upon the identified correlations in the accessed data.

15. The non-transitory computer readable medium according to claim 13 , wherein the instructions further cause the processor to:

determine a pattern of a material to be formed on the surface, wherein the pattern of material is configured to assist in the surface having the defined surface property level, wherein the amount of radiation to be applied as a pulse of radiation also causes the material to at least partially melt and flow, and wherein the duration is based on the source of radiation to be between about 200 microseconds (μs) and about 2 seconds (s).