Emapii neutralizing antibody limits influenza A virus (IAV)-induced lung injury
EMAPII is a monocyte- and endothelial cell-activating protein with prominent pro-apoptotic activity on endothelial and epithelial cells. Provided herein are compositions and methods for treating or preventing endothelial and epithelial apoptosis induced by EMAPII. More particularly, provided herein are compositions and methods for treating or preventing Influenza A virus (IAV)-induced weight loss, impairment of blood oxygenation, lung edema, and endothelial/epithelial apoptosis associated with IAV infections. In addition, anti-EMAPII therapy provides a novel complementary treatment strategy to existing anti-viral and anti-inflammatory approaches.
1. A method of treating virus-induced acute lung injury in a subject having influenza, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an EMAPII-neutralizing antibody or EMAPII-binding portion thereof to a subject having a lower respiratory tract influenza A infection, whereby the acute lung injury is treated, wherein the EMAPII-neutralizing antibody or binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain comprising heavy chain hypervariable regions CDR1 of SEQ ID NO:5, CDR2 or SEQ ID NO:6, and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:7, and a light chain comprising light chain hypervariable regions CDR1 of SEQ ID NO:8, CDR2 of SEQ ID NO:9, and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:10, and wherein the virus-induced acute lung injury is selected from the group consisting of pneumonia, impairment of blood oxygenation, and lung edema.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the EMAPII-neutralizing antibody is co-administered with one or more agents selected from the group consisting of an anti-inflammatory agent and an anti-viral agent.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is a mammal.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the subject is a human.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the EMAPII-neutralizing antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the EMAPII neutralizing antibody is an EMAPII specific Fab fragment.
7. A method of reducing endothelial or epithelial cell apoptosis associated with influenza-induced acute lung injury in the lung of a subject having a lower respiratory viral infection, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an EMAPII-neutralizing antibody, EMAPII-neutralizing antibody fragment, or EMAPII-binding portion thereof to a subject to reduce endothelial or epithelial cell apoptosis associated with virus-induced acute lung injury, wherein the EMAPII-neutralizing antibody or binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain comprising heavy chain hypervariable regions CDR1 of SEQ ID NO:5, CDR2 or SEQ ID NO:6, and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:7, and a light chain comprising light chain hypervariable regions CDR1 of SEQ ID NO:8, CDR2 of SEQ ID NO:9, and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:10.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the lower respiratory viral infection is an influenza A virus infection.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the EMAPII-neutralizing antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the EMAPII neutralizing antibody is a Fab fragment.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the subject is a mammal.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the subject is a human.
13. A method of reducing inflammation in the lung of a subject having influenza-induced acute lung injury by increasing the anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype and decreasing the pro-inflammatory macrophage expressing M2 markers in the lung of the subject, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an EMAPII-neutralizing antibody, EMAPII-neutralizing antibody fragment, or EMAPII-binding portion thereof to a subject having a lower respiratory tract influenza A virus infection, wherein there is an increase in anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype and a decrease in pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype, wherein the EMAPII-neutralizing antibody or binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain comprising heavy chain hypervariable regions CDR1 of SEQ ID NO:5, CDR2 or SEQ ID NO:6, and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:7, and a light chain comprising light chain hypervariable regions CDR1 of SEQ ID NO:8, CDR2 of SEQ ID NO:9, and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO:10.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the increase in anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype comprises an increase in expression of at least one anti-inflammatory macrophage marker, the at least one anti-inflammatory macrophage marker selected from the group consisting of IL10, CD206, and YM1.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the reduction in the pro-inflammatory-macrophage phenotype comprises reduction in the expression of TNF-α.