Monitoring and modulation of parasympathetic nervous system

1. A method of modulating cardiac function in a subject, comprising the steps of:

contacting at least one neuron of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system of the subject with a recording electrode;

measuring the electrical activity of the at least one neuron of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system via the recording electrode;

contacting a nerve or ganglion of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system of the subject with a stimulating electrode; and

applying at least one electrical stimulation comprising kilohertz frequency alternating current (KHFAC) or charge balanced direct current (CBDC) to the nerve or ganglion of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system via the stimulating electrode to modulate nerve or ganglion electrical function without blocking electrical activity.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nerve or ganglion of the cardiac nervous system is selected from the group consisting of the vagus nerve, spinal cord, and mediastinal nerve.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrode is contacted to at least one of the group consisting of: cervical vagosympathetic nerve trunk, intrathoracic vagosympathetic nerve trunk, and auricular branch of vagus nerve.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method comprises contacting an electrode to the spinal cord, and applying at least one electrical signal to the spinal cord.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of measuring electrical activity of the at least one neuron of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system comprises contacting the recording electrode to at least one selected from the group consisting of: atrial intrinsic cardiac ganglia and ventricular intrinsic cardiac ganglia.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein further comprising measuring of electrical activity of at least one neuron of a nodose ganglia.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of measuring cardiac electrical activity comprises contacting the recording electrode to at least one selected from the group consisting of the atrial epicardial surface, atrial endocardial surface, ventricular epicardium, ventricular epicardium, and myocardium of the atrial or ventricular tissue.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein modulating the activity of a nerve or ganglion of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system is controlled by detection of a signal measured from the at least one neuron of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system.

9. A system for modulating cardiac function comprising:

one or more recording electrodes for measuring the activity of at least one neuron of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system; and

one or more stimulating electrodes for applying an electrical stimulus to a nerve or ganglion of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system,

wherein the one or more stimulating electrode is configured to modulate a nerve or ganglion of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system via kilohertz frequency alternating current (KHFAC) or charge balanced direct current (CBDC) without blocking electrical activity.

10. A method for treating or preventing a cardiac disorder in a subject, comprising the steps of:

contacting a nerve or ganglion of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system of the subject with a stimulating electrode; and

applying at least one electrical stimulation comprising kilohertz frequency alternating current (KHFAC) or charge balanced direct current (CBDC) to the nerve or ganglion of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system via the stimulating electrode to modulate the activity of at least one local circuit neuron (LCN) of the cardiac nervous system without blocking electrical activity.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the method comprises electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve of the subject.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the method further comprises measuring the electrical activity of at least one neuron of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system.

13. A method of monitoring multi-pole cardioneural function, comprising:

measuring the electrical activity of at least one neuron of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system; and

measuring the cardiac electrical activity of the heart.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the method comprises contacting at least one electrode to a location selected from the group consisting of: atrial intrinsic cardiac ganglia and ventricular intrinsic cardiac ganglia.

15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the method comprises contacting at least one electrode to the atrial epicardial surface or the atrial endocardial surface.

16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve is delivered in a continuously cyclic fashion comprising an on phase and an off phase.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the on cycle is 14 seconds and the off cycle is 48 seconds.

18. The method of claim 11 , wherein the electrical simulation is applied for a period of at least 40 days.