Atomic capacitor

1. A method of treating an aqueous stream with a capacitive deionization device, the method comprising:

feeding the aqueous stream to a dielectric spacer flow channel of the capacitive deionization device, wherein the aqueous stream comprises at least one anionic species and at least one cationic species; and

treating the aqueous stream with the capacitive deionization device to produce a treated aqueous stream;

wherein the capacitive deionization device comprises:

a first electrode comprising a first plurality of voids;

a positive charge specific membrane material positioned proximate the first electrode and proximate the dielectric spacer flow channel;

a plurality of anions from a first salt solution residing in the first plurality of voids;

a negative charge specific membrane material, the negative charge specific membrane material positioned proximate the dielectric spacer flow channel opposite to the positive charge specific membrane material;

a second electrode comprising a second plurality of voids, the second electrode being positioned proximate the negative charge specific membrane material opposite to the dielectric spacer flow channel; and

a plurality of cations from a second salt solution residing in the second plurality of voids.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the positive charge specific membrane material comprises a first membrane layer between the first electrode and the dielectric spacer flow channel and/or wherein the negative charge specific membrane material comprises a second membrane layer between the second electrode and the dielectric spacer flow channel.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the negative charge specific membrane material comprises a second membrane layer positioned between the second electrode and the dielectric spacer flow channel.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first salt solution and the second salt solution comprises a salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, antimony trichloride, an ammonium salt, antimony trifluoride, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, and indium bromide.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first salt solution and the second salt solution has a capacitance density of 50,000 F/cc or greater.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first salt solution and the second salt solution is saturated.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the first salt solution and the second salt solution comprises a salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, antimony trichloride, an ammonium salt, antimony trifluoride, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, and indium bromide.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the first salt solution and the second salt solution has a capacitance density of 50,000 F/cc or greater.

9. A method of operating a capacitive deionization device, the method comprising:

feeding a first aqueous stream comprising first cations and first anions to a dielectric spacer flow channel of the capacitive deionization device, wherein the capacitive deionization device comprises:

a first electrode comprising a first plurality of voids;

a positive charge specific membrane material positioned proximate the first electrode and proximate the dielectric spacer flow channel;

a plurality of second anions from a first salt solution residing in the first plurality of voids;

a negative charge specific membrane material, the negative charge specific membrane material positioned proximate the dielectric spacer flow channel opposite to the positive charge specific membrane material;

a second electrode comprising a second plurality of voids, the second electrode being positioned proximate to the negative charge specific membrane material opposite to the dielectric spacer flow channel; and

a plurality of second cations from a second salt solution residing in the second plurality of voids;

while operating in a purification cycle, applying a negative charge to the first electrode to cause at least a portion of the first cations in the first aqueous stream to pass through the positive charge specific membrane material; and

while operating in the purification cycle, applying a positive charge to the second electrode to cause at least a portion of the first anions in the first aqueous stream to pass through the negative charge specific membrane material.

10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:

while operating in a rejection cycle subsequent to the purification cycle, applying a positive charge to the first electrode to cause at least a portion of the first cations to pass through the positive charge specific membrane material and into the dielectric spacer flow channel; and

while operating in the rejection cycle subsequent to the purification cycle, applying a negative charge to the second electrode to cause at least a portion of the first anions to pass through the negative charge specific membrane material and into the dielectric spacer flow channel.

11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:

while operating in the rejection cycle, flushing the first cations and first anions out of the dielectric spacer flow channel by flowing a liquid through the dielectric spacer flow channel.

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the positive charge specific membrane material comprises a first membrane layer between the first electrode and the dielectric spacer flow channel and/or wherein the negative charge specific membrane material comprises a second membrane layer between the second electrode and the dielectric spacer flow channel.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the negative charge specific membrane material comprises a second membrane layer positioned between the second electrode and the dielectric spacer flow channel.

14. The method of claim 9 , wherein the at least one of the first salt solution and the second salt solution comprises a salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, antimony trichloride, an ammonium salt, antimony trifluoride, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, and indium bromide.

15. The method of claim 9 , wherein at least one of the first salt solution and the second salt solution has a capacitance density of 50,000 F/cc or greater.

16. The method of claim 9 , wherein at least one of the first salt solution and the second salt solution is saturated.

17. The method of claim 9 , wherein each of the first salt solution and the second salt solution comprises a salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, antimony trichloride, an ammonium salt, antimony trifluoride, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, and indium bromide.

18. The method of claim 9 , wherein each of the first salt solution and the second salt solution has a capacitance density of 50,000 F/cc or greater.

19. A method of preparing a capacitive deionization device for operational use, wherein the capacitive deionization device comprises a first electrode comprising a first plurality of voids; a positive charge specific membrane material, the positive charge specific membrane material positioned proximate the first electrode; a first salt solution comprising first anions and first cations residing in the first plurality of voids; a dielectric spacer flow channel positioned proximate the first charge specific membrane material; a negative charge specific membrane material, the negative charge specific membrane material positioned proximate the dielectric spacer flow channel opposite to the negative charge specific membrane material; a second electrode comprising a second plurality of voids, the second electrode being positioned proximate to the second charge specific membrane material opposite to the dielectric spacer flow channel; and a second salt solution comprising second anions and second cations residing in the second plurality of voids, the method comprising:

applying a positive initial activation charge to the first electrode to cause at least a portion of the first cations of the first salt solution to pass through the positive charge specific membrane material into the dielectric spacer flow channel; and

applying a negative initial activation charge to the second electrode to cause at least a portion of the second anions of the second salt solution to pass through the negative charge specific membrane material into the dielectric spacer flow channel.

20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising flushing the passed through first cations and second anions out of the dielectric spacer flow channel by flowing a liquid through the dielectric spacer flow channel.

21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the positive charge specific membrane material comprises a first membrane layer between the first electrode and the dielectric spacer flow channel and/or wherein the negative charge specific membrane material comprises a second membrane layer between the second electrode and the dielectric spacer flow channel.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the negative charge specific membrane material comprises a second membrane layer positioned between the second electrode and the dielectric spacer flow channel.

23. The method of claim 19 , wherein at least one of the first salt solution and the second salt solution comprises a salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, antimony trichloride, an ammonium salt, antimony trifluoride, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, and indium bromide.

24. The method of claim 19 , wherein at least one of the first salt solution and the second salt solution has a capacitance density of 50,000 F/cc or greater.

25. The method of claim 19 , wherein at least one of the first salt solution and the second salt solution is saturated.

26. The method of claim 19 , wherein each of the first salt solution and the second salt solution comprises a salt selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, antimony trichloride, an ammonium salt, antimony trifluoride, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, and indium bromide.

27. The method of claim 19 , wherein each of the first salt solution and the second salt solution has a capacitance density of 50,000 F/cc or greater.