Waveguide-backed antenna array with distributed signal amplifiers for transmission of a high-power beam

1. An antenna, comprising:

a transmission structure configured to carry a reference signal;

couplers each configured to generate a respective intermediate signal in response to the reference signal at a respective location along the transmission structure;

amplifiers each configured to amplify, in response to a respective control signal, an intermediate signal from a respective one of the couplers; and

antenna elements each configured to radiate a respective elemental signal in response to an amplified intermediate signal from a respective one of the amplifiers.

2. The antenna of claim 1 wherein:

the transmission structure includes a conductive wall; and

each of the couplers includes a respective iris formed through the conductive wall and configured to generate a respective intermediate signal in response to the reference signal.

3. The antenna of claim 1 wherein each amplifier includes a respective transistor having a first conduction node coupled to a respective one of the couplers and having a second conduction node coupled to a respective one of the antenna elements.

4. The antenna of claim 1 wherein each amplifier:

includes a respective control node configured to receive the respective control signal;

is configured to amplify the intermediate signal from the respective coupler in response to the respective control signal having an activate value; and

is configured to uncouple, from the respective antenna element, the intermediate signal from the respective coupler in response to the control signal having a deactivate value.

5. The antenna of claim 1 wherein each amplifier:

includes a respective control node configured to receive the respective control signal; and

is configured to amplify the intermediate signal from the respective coupler with a gain that is related to a value of the control signal.

6. The antenna of claim 1 wherein:

the transmission medium includes a waveguide having a wall; and

each of the couplers includes

a respective iris disposed in the wall, and

a respective conductor extending at least partially into the iris and configured to generate a respective intermediate signal in response to the reference signal.

7. The antenna of claim 1 wherein:

each of the couplers includes a respective iris; and

each of the antenna elements is disposed within a respective one of the irises.

8. The antenna of claim 1 wherein:

each of the couplers includes a respective iris; and

each of the antenna elements is approximately coplanar with a respective one of the irises.

9. The antenna of claim 1 wherein:

the transmission structure includes a waveguide having a wall;

each of the couplers includes a respective iris disposed in the wall; and

each of the antenna elements is disposed in a respective one of the irises.

10. The antenna of claim 1 wherein:

the transmission structure includes a waveguide having sides;

the couplers and amplifiers are disposed on one of the sides of the waveguide; and

the antenna elements are disposed on another of the sides of the waveguide.

11. The antenna of claim 1 wherein:

the transmission structure includes a waveguide having a side; and

the couplers, amplifiers, and antenna elements are disposed on the side of the waveguide.

12. The antenna of claim 1 wherein:

the reference signal has a frequency;

the transmission structure includes a waveguide having a wall; and

each of the couplers includes

a respective iris disposed in the wall and configured to generate, in response to the reference signal, a respective iris signal having the frequency, and

a respective coupling region disposed between the respective iris and a respective amplifier, and configured to form, with the respective amplifier, a circuit configured to resonate at the frequency of the reference signal and to generate the respective intermediate signal having the frequency in response to the respective iris signal.

13. The antenna of claim 1 wherein:

the reference signal has a wavelength; and

the antenna elements are arranged according to a lattice constant that is less than one half the wavelength.

14. The antenna of claim 1 wherein:

the reference signal has a wavelength; and

the antenna elements are arranged according to a lattice constant that is greater than one half the wavelength.

15. A subsystem, comprising:

a transmitter circuit configured to generate a reference signal;

a control circuit configured to generate control signals; and

an antenna coupled to the transmitter and control circuits and including

a transmission structure configured to receive and to carry the reference signal,

couplers each configured to generate a respective intermediate signal in response to the reference signal at a respective location along the transmission structure,

amplifiers each configured to amplify, in response to a respective one of the control signals, an intermediate signal from a respective one of the couplers; and

antenna elements each configured to radiate a respective elemental signal in response to an amplified intermediate signal from a respective one of the amplifiers.

16. The subsystem of claim 15 wherein the control circuit is configured:

to cause the antenna to generate a beam having a first orientation by generating each of the control signals having a respective value corresponding to the first orientation; and

to steer the beam from the first orientation to a second orientation by generating each of the control signals having a respective value corresponding to the second orientation.

17. A system, comprising:

a battery-charging subsystem, including

an antenna subsystem, including

a transmitter circuit configured to generate a reference signal,

a control circuit configured to generate control signals, and

an antenna coupled to the transmitter and control circuits and including

a transmission structure configured to receive and to carry the reference signal,

couplers each configured to generate a respective intermediate signal in response to the reference signal at a respective location along the transmission structure,

amplifiers each configured to amplify, in response to a respective one of the control signals, an intermediate signal from a respective one of the couplers, and

antenna elements each configured to radiate a respective elemental signal in response to an amplified intermediate signal from a respective one of the amplifiers such that the elemental signals form a beam capable of charging a battery.

18. The system of claim 17 , further comprising an item including the battery.

19. The system of claim 17 wherein the battery-charging subsystem includes:

a tracking circuit configured to determine a position of the item; and

wherein the control circuit is configured to cause the antenna to generate a beam that impinges upon the item by generating each of the control signals having a respective value corresponding to the position of the item.

20. The system of claim 17 wherein the antenna elements are each configured to radiate the respective elemental signal in response to the amplified intermediate signal from the respective one of the amplifiers such that the elemental signals form a beam capable of powering the item.