Devices and methods for coherent detection using chirped laser pulses
We present here systems and methods for generating a heterodyne signal using the naturally occurring chirp of a pulsed single-mode laser. The electrical square-wave pulse used to drive the laser heats the laser cavity, causing the laser frequency to change or chirp during the emission of the optical pulse. This chirped optical pulse can be split into a chirped signal pulse that interacts with a sample and a chirped reference pulse that interferes with the chirped signal pulse on a detector to produce a heterodyne modulation whose instantaneous phase and amplitude depend on the sample's dispersion and absorption, respectively. The chirp is reproducible, so the heterodyne modulation, instantaneous phase, and/or instantaneous amplitude can be average over many measurements, either with multiple pulses from the same laser or multiple pulses from different lasers, each emitting at a different wavelength.
1. A method of making a spectroscopic measurement of a sample, the method comprising:
generating a chirped signal with at least one single-mode laser;
illuminating the sample with the chirped signal so as to cause the chirped signal to interact with the sample;
detecting a heterodyne modulation caused by interference of the chirped signal and a chirped reference, the heterodyne modulation depending on a dispersion and/or an absorption of the sample; and
determining the dispersion and/or the absorption of the sample from the detected heterodyne modulation, wherein illuminating the sample with the chirped signal pulse comprises:
transmitting the chirped signal through a lens along a first path;
focusing the chirped signal onto a surface;
reflecting the chirped signal back through the lens from the surface; and
directing the chirped signal from the lens along a second path parallel to the first path.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein generating the chirped signal comprises generating a sequence of nonlinear, repeated chirps.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one single-mode laser comprises an array of single-mode lasers and generating the chirped signal comprises pulsing the single-mode lasers in the array of single-mode lasers in an arbitrary sequence.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one single-mode laser comprises an array of single-mode lasers and generating the chirped signal comprises pulsing the single-mode lasers in the array of single-mode lasers in a repeated sequence.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one single-mode laser comprises an array of single-mode lasers and generating the chirped signal comprises emitting the chirped signal from a first single-mode laser in the array of single-mode lasers and further comprising:
emitting the chirped reference from a second single-mode laser in the array of single-mode lasers.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of a phase or a beat frequency between the chirped signal and the chirped reference varies as a function of time.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chirped signal jitters in phase with respect to the chirped reference.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
transmitting the chirped signal through the sample along the first path to the lens; and
transmitting the chirped signal through the sample along the second path from the lens.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface is a reflective surface.
10. A system for making a spectroscopic measurement of a sample, the system comprising:
at least one single-mode laser, in optical communication with the sample, to emit a chirped signal along a first path through the sample;
a photodetector, in optical communication with the sample, to detect a heterodyne modulation caused by interference of the chirped signal and a chirped reference, the heterodyne modulation depending on a dispersion and/or an absorption of the sample; and
a lens, in optical communication with the sample, to focus the chirped signal to a surface, disposed in a focal plane of the lens, that reflects the chirped signal back through the lens along a second path through the sample.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the at least one single-mode laser comprises an array of quantum cascade lasers.
12. The system of claim 10 , wherein the at least one single-mode laser comprises an array of single-mode lasers configured to generate the chirped signal by pulsing in an arbitrary sequence.
13. The system of claim 10 , wherein the at least one single-mode laser comprises an array of single-mode lasers configured to generate the chirped signal by pulsing in a repeated sequence.
14. The system of claim 10 , wherein the at least one single-mode laser comprises an array of single-mode lasers including a first single-mode laser to emit the chirped signal and a second single-mode laser to emit the chirped reference.
15. The system of claim 10 , wherein the chirped signal comprises a sequence of nonlinear, repeated chirps.
16. The system of claim 10 , wherein at least one of a phase or a beat frequency between the chirped signal and the chirped reference varies as a function of time.
17. The system of claim 10 , wherein the chirped signal jitters in phase with respect to the chirped reference.
18. The system of claim 10 , wherein the surface is a reflective surface.
19. A method of making a spectroscopic measurement of a sample, the method comprising:
driving a single-mode laser with a first electrical signal;
illuminating the sample with a first chirped signal from the single-mode laser in response to the first electrical pulse;
detecting interference of the first chirped signal and a first chirped reference, the interference depending on a dispersion and/or an absorption of the sample and the first chirped signal jittering in phase with respect to the first chirped reference.
20. The method of claim 19 , further comprising:
driving the single-mode laser with a second electrical signal identical to the first electrical signal;
illuminating the sample with a second chirped signal from the single-mode laser in response to the second electrical pulse, the second chirped signal being identical to the first chirped signal; and
detecting interference of the second chirped signal and a second chirped reference, the interference depending on a dispersion and/or an absorption of the sample.
21. A method of making a spectroscopic measurement of a sample, the method comprising:
emitting a first chirped pulse from a single-mode laser;
after emitting the first chirped pulse from the single-mode laser, emitting a second chirped pulse from the single-mode laser;
illuminating the sample with the first chirped pulse so as to cause the first chirped pulse to interact with the sample;
detecting a heterodyne modulation caused by interference of the first chirped pulse and the second chirped pulse, the heterodyne modulation depending on a dispersion and/or an absorption of the sample; and
determining the dispersion and/or the absorption of the sample from the detected heterodyne modulation.