Electrophotographic photosensitive member and electrophotographic apparatus
An average value of a hydrogen content ratio of a surface layer made of hydrogenated amorphous carbon is set to be 0.40 or less and a maximum value of an sp 2 bonding ratio in an outermost surface region of the surface layer made of the hydrogenated amorphous carbon is set to be 0.50 or less.
1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a substrate, a photoconductive layer, and a surface layer made of hydrogenated amorphous carbon in this order, wherein
an average value of a hydrogen content ratio of the surface layer is 0.40 or less, and
a maximum value of a sp 2 bonding ratio in an outermost surface region is 0.50 or less when a region having a depth of 5 nm or less from an outermost surface of the surface layer is defined as the outermost surface region.
2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the maximum value of the hydrogen content ratio in the outermost surface region is 0.45 or more.
3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the outermost surface region includes an oxygen atom, and a maximum value of an oxygen content ratio in the outermost surface region is 0.15 or more.
4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein a film thickness of the surface layer is 20 nm or more and 300 nm or less.
5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the maximum value of the sp 2 bonding ratio in the outermost surface region is 0.40 or less.
6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the photoconductive layer is a photoconductive layer made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon.
7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein a lower blocking layer is provided between the substrate and the photoconductive layer.
8. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7 , wherein the lower blocking layer has a nitrogen atom.
9. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein an upper blocking layer is provided between the photoconductive layer and the surface layer.
10. An electrophotographic apparatus including an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a substrate, a photoconductive layer, and a surface layer made of hydrogenated amorphous carbon in this order,
an average value of a hydrogen content ratio of the surface layer is 0.40 or less, and
a maximum value of a sp 2 bonding ratio in an outermost surface region is 0.50 or less when a region having a depth of 5 nm or less from an outermost surface of the surface layer is defined as the outermost surface region.