Secondary battery, battery pack, and vehicle
According to one embodiment, a secondary battery is provided. The secondary battery includes a negative electrode. The negative electrode includes an active material composite. The active material composite includes active material particles and a layer covering at least a portion of surfaces of the active material particles. The active material particles include titanium-containing oxide particles. The layer contains N and Si. The layer includes a first surface facing the at least the portion of surfaces of the active material particles and a second surface defining a layer thickness from the first surface. An N concentration in the layer decreases from the first surface to the second surface. A Si concentration in the layer increases from the first surface to the second surface.
1. A secondary battery comprising:
a positive electrode;
a negative electrode comprising an active material composite; and
a nonaqueous electrolyte comprising a silyl group-containing compound comprising a trialkylsilyl group and/or a trialkoxysilyl group, wherein the active material composite comprises active material particles and a layer covering at least a portion of surfaces of the active material particles, and the active material particles comprising titanium-containing oxide particles,
the layer comprises N and Si and comprises a first surface facing the at least the portion of the surfaces of the active material particles and a second surface defining a layer thickness from the first surface,
a N concentration in the layer decreases from the first surface to the second surface,
a Si concentration in the layer increases from the first surface to the second surface, and
the nonaqueous electrolyte satisfies the following formulas (1) to (3):
0<B/A≤0.5 (1)
0 wt %<A≤2.0 wt % (2); and
0 wt %<B<0.01 wt % (3),
wherein A is a concentration [wt %] of the silyl group-containing compound in the nonaqueous electrolyte, and B is a concentration [wt %] of a diisocyanate compound in the nonaqueous electrolyte.
2. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein 0.5 wt %≤A≤2.0 wt %.
3. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein 0.5 wt %≤A≤2 wt %.
4. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the positive electrode comprises a composite oxide represented by the general formula Li x MO 2 , 0<x≤1 in the general formula, and M comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co and Mn.
5. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the titanium-containing oxide particles comprise at least one titanium-containing oxide selected from the group consisting of spinel type lithium-titanium composite oxide, monoclinic P-type titanium-containing oxide, monoclinic niobium titanium composite oxide, orthorhombic titanium-containing composite oxide, ramsdellite type lithium-titanium composite oxide, hollandite type lithium-titanium composite oxide, anatase type titanium-containing oxide, and rutile type titanium-containing oxide.
6. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the active material composite further comprises a carbon-containing layer interposed at least a portion between the active material particles and the layer.
7. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the silyl group-containing compound comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of trimethylsilyl phosphate, triethylsilyl phosphate, tris-trimethylsilyl phosphate, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and γ-methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane.
8. A battery pack comprising the secondary battery according to claim 1 .
9. The battery pack according to claim 8 , further comprising: an external power distribution terminal; and a protective circuit.
10. The battery pack according to claim 8 , comprising plural of the secondary battery, the secondary batteries being electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in a combination of in series and in parallel.
11. A vehicle comprising the battery pack according to claim 8 .
12. The vehicle according to claim 11 , wherein the battery pack comprises a mechanism configured to convert kinetic energy of the vehicle into regenerative energy.
13. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the silyl group-containing compound comprises a trialkylsilyl group and a trialkoxysilyl group.
14. The secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the titanium-containing oxide particles are monoclinic niobium titanium composite oxide particles.