Conductive films
In some examples, the disclosure describes a film including a rare-earth element-doped metal stannate exhibiting an electrical conductivity of at least about 10 4 S/cm at room temperature, where the metal includes at least one of barium, strontium, calcium, or zinc.
1. A film comprising:
a rare-earth element-doped metal stannate layer exhibiting an electrical resistivity of less than 10 −4 Ω*cm at 300 K, wherein the metal comprises at least one of barium, strontium, calcium, or zinc, and wherein the rare-earth element-doped metal stannate layer was formed using vapor phase technique and defines a thickness between about 10 nm and about 10 μm.
2. The film of claim 1 , wherein the rare-earth element comprises lanthanum.
3. The film of claim 1 , wherein the metal stannate comprises BaSnO 3 or SrSnO 3 .
4. The film of claim 1 , wherein the rare-earth element-doped metal stannate comprises a concentration of the rare-earth element of at least 10 20 cm −3 .
5. The film of claim 1 , wherein the film exhibits a sheet resistance of between 5 Ω/sq and 10 Ω/sq at 300 K.
6. The film of claim 1 , wherein the film exhibits a carrier mobility of at least 60 cm 2 /V-s at 300 K.
7. The film of claim 1 , wherein the film exhibits a bandgap of at least 3 eV at 300 K.
8. The film of claim 1 , wherein the film is optically transparent.
9. A method comprising:
forming a film comprising a rare-earth element-doped metal stannate layer using a vapor phase technique, wherein the film exhibits an electrical resistivity of less than 10 −4 Ω*cm at 300 K, wherein the rare-earth element-doped metal stannate layer defines a thickness between about 10 nm and about 10 μm, and wherein the metal comprises at least one of barium, strontium, calcium, or zinc.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the vapor phase technique comprises at least one of hybrid molecular beam epitaxy, molecular beam epitaxy, sputtering, or pulsed laser deposition.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein forming the film using a vapor phase technique comprises:
reacting vaporized tin from a tin source, oxygen vapor from an oxygen source, a vaporized metal including at least one of barium, strontium, calcium, or zinc from a metal source, and a vaporized rare-earth element from a rare-earth element source to form the film.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the tin source comprises hexamethylditin (HMDT).
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the oxygen source comprises at least one of oxygen plasma, molecular oxygen, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, or zinc oxide.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the metal source comprises at least one of elemental barium, elemental strontium, elemental calcium, elemental zinc, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, or zinc oxide.
15. A multi-layer film comprising:
a first layer, wherein the first layer comprises a rare-earth element-doped first metal stannate exhibiting an electrical resistivity of less than 10 −4 Ω*cm at 300 K, wherein the first metal comprises at least one of barium, strontium, calcium, or zinc, wherein the first layer defines a thickness between about 10 nm and about 10 μm, and wherein the first layer was formed using vapor phase technique; and
a second layer comprising a second metal stannate, wherein the second metal comprises at least one of barium, strontium, calcium, or zinc.
16. The multi-layer film of claim 15 , wherein the rare-earth element comprises lanthanum and the first metal stannate comprises BaSnO 3 .
17. The multi-layer film of claim 15 , wherein the second metal stannate comprises SrSnO 3 .
18. The multi-layer film of claim 15 , further comprising a buffer layer between the rare-earth element doped first metal stannate and the second metal stannate, wherein the buffer layer comprises a third metal stannate, wherein the third metal comprises at least one of barium, strontium, calcium, or zinc, and wherein the third metal stannate is different than the second metal stannate.
19. The multi-layer film of claim 18 , wherein the third metal stannate comprises BaSnO 3 .
20. The multi-layer film of claim 15 , wherein the first layer exhibits a sheet resistance of between 5 Ω/sq and 10 Ω/sq at room temperature.
21. The multi-layer film of claim 15 , wherein the first layer exhibits a carrier mobility of at least 60 cm 2 /V-s at room temperature.
22. The multi-layer film of claim 15 , wherein the first layer exhibits a bandgap of at least 3 eV at room temperature.
23. The film of claim 1 , wherein the rare-earth element-doped metal stannate comprises a concentration of the rare-earth element of greater than or equal to 9.24×10 20 cm −3 .
24. The film of claim 1 , wherein the rare-earth element-doped metal stannate exhibits an electrical resistivity of less than or equal to 8×10 −5 Ω*cm.
25. The film of claim 1 , wherein the vapor phase technique comprises hybrid molecular beam epitaxy.