Articles and methods for levitating liquids on surfaces, and devices incorporating the same
Methods described herein provide a way to reduce or eliminate drag and adhesion of a substance flowing over a surface by creating a vapor cushion via evaporation of a phase-changing material of or on the surface or encapsulated within textures of the surface. The vapor cushion causes the flowing substance to be suspended over the surface, greatly reducing friction, drag, and adhesion between the flowing substance and the surface. The temperature of the flowing substance is above the sublimation point and/or melting point of the phase-changing material. The phase-changing material undergoes a phase change (evaporation or sublimation) upon contact with the flowing substance due to local heat transfer from the flowing substance to the material, generating a vapor cushion between the solid or liquid material and the flowing substance.
1. A method of facilitating flow of a flowing substance on a surface comprising a phase-changing material, the method comprising:
providing a surface comprising the phase-changing material having a melting temperature and/or sublimation temperature at operating pressure lower than the flowing substance temperature; and
introducing the flowing substance onto the surface, thereby causing at least a portion of the phase-changing material to locally transition from a first state to a second state, thereby forming a lubricating intermediate layer between the flowing substance and the surface,
wherein the phase-changing material is a liquid or a solid in the first state and a vapor in the second state.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface is impregnated with the phase-changing material, the surface comprising a matrix of features spaced sufficiently close to stably contain the phase-changing material therebetween or therewithin.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flowing substance is a droplet.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising the step of encapsulating biological matter into the droplet.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the biological matter comprises DNA and/or RNA.
6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the droplet has a volume in a range from between 0.1 pL to 1000 pL.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flowing substance is a solid at operating conditions.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flowing substance is a liquid at operating conditions.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flowing substance is a stream of liquid.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flowing substance is a stream of droplets.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface is a coating on a substrate.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein a surrounding gas has a temperature that is lower than the melting temperature and/or sublimation temperature of the phase-changing material, so that the phase-changing material substantially remains in the first state in locations other than locations in contact with the flowing substance.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface forms a channel over which or through which the flowing substance flows.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising replenishing a supply of the phase-changing material.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phase-changing material is a liquid selected from kerosene, dichloromethane, acetone, ethanol, iodine, and naphthalene.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phase-changing material is dry ice.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phase-changing material is a solid selected from camphor and dry nitrogen.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein a volume of the flowing substance remains constant during transport.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phase-changing material in the first state and in the second state is unreactive and immiscible with the flowing substance.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface is microtextured.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface comprises the at least one phase-changing material positioned in a selected pattern, wherein the flowing substance flows over the surface according to the selected pattern.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the pattern is a substantially V-shaped pattern, the method further comprising introducing a second flowing substance onto the surface, wherein the flowing substance and the second flowing substance flow along different branches of the substantially V-shaped pattern, the flowing substance and the second flowing substance merging at an apex of the substantially V-shaped pattern.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flowing substance is in contact only with the phase-changing material in the second state during transport.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flowing substance is a liquid having a melting and/or sublimation point that is higher than the melting and/or sublimation point of the phase-changing material.
25. A method of facilitating flow of a flowing substance on a surface comprising a phase-changing material, the method comprising:
providing a surface comprising the phase-changing material having a melting temperature and/or sublimation temperature at operating pressure lower than the flowing substance temperature; and
introducing the flowing substance onto the surface, thereby causing at least a portion of the phase-changing material to locally transition from a first state to a second state, thereby forming a lubricating intermediate layer between the flowing substance and the surface,
wherein the phase-changing material is dry ice.
26. A method of facilitating flow of a flowing substance on a surface comprising a phase-changing material, the method comprising:
providing a surface comprising the phase-changing material having a melting temperature and/or sublimation temperature at operating pressure lower than the flowing substance temperature; and
introducing the flowing substance onto the surface, thereby causing at least a portion of the phase-changing material to locally transition from a first state to a second state, thereby forming a lubricating intermediate layer between the flowing substance and the surface,
wherein a volume of the flowing substance remains constant during transport.