Fuel cell flow field design for thermal management
Fuel cell assemblies comprising at least one thermally compensated coolant channel are provided. The thermally compensated coolant channel has a cross-sectional area that decreases in the coolant flow direction along at least a portion of the channel length. In some embodiments, such thermally compensated coolant channels can be used to provide substantially uniform heat flux, and substantially isothermal conditions, in fuel cells operating with substantially uniform current density.
1. A fuel cell assembly comprising:
(a) a first fuel cell comprising:
(i) a first anode;
(ii) a first cathode;
(iii) a first proton exchange membrane electrolyte interposed between said first anode and said first cathode;
(iv) a first anode flow field plate adjacent to said first anode, said first anode flow field plate comprising a first anode flow channel for directing a fuel to said first anode; and
(v) a first cathode flow field plate adjacent to said first cathode, said first cathode flow field plate comprising a first cathode flow channel for directing an oxidant to said first cathode, wherein a cross-sectional area of said first cathode flow channel decreases in a flow direction of said oxidant along at least a portion of the length of said first cathode flow channel;
(b) a second fuel cell comprising:
(i) a second anode;
(ii) a second cathode;
(iii) a second proton exchange membrane electrolyte interposed between said second anode and said second cathode;
(iv) a second anode flow field plate adjacent to said second anode, said second anode flow field plate comprising a second anode flow channel for directing said fuel to said second anode; and
(v) a second cathode flow field plate adjacent to said second cathode, said second cathode flow field plate comprising a second cathode flow channel for directing said oxidant to said second cathode; and
(c) a thermally compensated coolant channel interposed between said first cathode flow field plate and said second anode flow field plate, for directing a coolant in a heat transfer relationship with at least one of said first cathode flow field plate and said second anode flow field plate, said thermally compensated coolant channel having an inlet, an outlet, and a cross-sectional area that decreases monotonically in a flow direction of said coolant from said inlet to said outlet of said thermally compensated coolant channel, such that the width of said thermally compensated coolant channel near said inlet is greater than the width of said thermally compensated coolant channel near said outlet;
wherein said first cathode flow field plate comprises a plurality of first cathode flow channels on a first side of said first cathode flow field plate and a corresponding inverse pattern defining a first plurality of grooves on a second side of said first cathode flow field plate, and said second anode flow field plate comprises a plurality of second anode flow channels on a first side of said second anode flow field plate and a corresponding inverse pattern defining a second plurality of grooves on a second side of said second anode flow field plate, and wherein a plurality of thermally compensated coolant channels are formed between said first fuel cell and said second fuel cells by the cooperating surfaces of said second side of said first cathode flow field plate and said second side of said second anode flow field plate.
2. The fuel cell assembly of claim 1 wherein said cross-sectional area of said thermally compensated coolant channel decreases continuously in said flow direction of said coolant along said thermally compensated coolant channel from said inlet to said outlet.
3. The fuel cell assembly of claim 1 wherein said thermally compensated coolant channel has a substantially rectangular cross-section, and a width of said thermally compensated coolant channel decreases in a non-linear fashion in said flow direction of said coolant along at least a portion of the length of said thermally compensated coolant channel.
4. The fuel cell assembly of claim 1 wherein a cross-sectional area of said second cathode flow channel decreases in a flow direction of said oxidant along at least a portion of the length of said second cathode flow channel.
5. The fuel cell assembly of claim 4 wherein said first cathode flow channel and said second cathode flow channel each have a substantially rectangular cross-section, and a width of said first cathode flow channel decreases in accordance with an exponential function along said at least a portion of the length of said first cathode flow channel, and a width of said second cathode flow channel decreases in accordance with an exponential function along said at least a portion of the length of said second cathode flow channel.
6. The fuel cell assembly of claim 4 wherein a cross-sectional area of said first anode flow channel decreases in a flow direction of said fuel along at least a portion of the length of said first anode flow channel, and the cross-sectional area of said second anode flow channel decreases in a flow direction of said fuel along at least a portion of the length of said second anode flow channel.
7. The fuel cell assembly, of claim 6 wherein said first anode flow channel and said second anode flow channel each have a substantially rectangular cross-section, and a width of said first anode flow channel decreases in accordance with an exponential function along said at least a portion of the length of said first anode flow channel, and a width of said second anode flow channel decreases in accordance with an exponential function along said at least a portion of the length of said second anode flow channel.
8. The fuel cell assembly of claim 1 wherein said first cathode flow field plate and said second anode flow field plate are nested, so that said plurality of first cathode channels, said plurality of second anode flow channels, and said plurality of thermally compensated coolant channels are at least partially in the same plane.
9. A fuel cell assembly comprising:
(a) a first fuel cell comprising:
(i) a first anode;
(ii) a first cathode;
(iii) a first proton exchange membrane electrolyte interposed between said first anode and said first cathode;
(iv) a first anode flow field plate adjacent to said first anode, said first anode flow field plate comprising a first anode flow channel for directing a fuel to said first anode; and
(v) a first cathode flow field plate adjacent to said first cathode, said first cathode flow field plate comprising a first cathode flow channel for directing an oxidant to said first cathode, wherein a cross-sectional area of said first cathode flow channel decreases in a flow direction of said oxidant along at least a portion of the length of said first cathode flow channel;
(b) a second fuel cell comprising:
(i) a second anode;
(ii) a second cathode;
(iii) a second proton exchange membrane electrolyte interposed between said second anode and said second cathode;
(iv) a second anode flow field plate adjacent to said second anode, said second anode flow field plate comprising a second anode flow channel for directing said fuel to said second anode; and
(v) a second cathode flow field plate adjacent to said second cathode, said second cathode flow field plate comprising a second cathode flow channel for directing said oxidant to said second cathode; and
(c) a thermally compensated coolant channel interposed between said first cathode flow field plate and said second anode flow field plate, for directing a coolant in a heat transfer relationship with at least one of said first cathode flow field plate and said second anode flow field plate, said thermally compensated coolant channel having an inlet, an outlet, and a cross-sectional area that decreases monotonically in a flow direction of said coolant from said inlet to said outlet of said thermally compensated coolant channel, such that the width of said thermally compensated coolant channel near said inlet is greater than the width of said thermally compensated coolant channel near said outlet;
wherein:
said first cathode flow field plate comprises a plurality of first cathode flow channels on a first side of said first cathode flow field plate and a corresponding inverse pattern defining a first plurality of grooves on a second side of said first cathode flow field plate, and said second anode flow field plate has a first side and a second side, and a plurality of second anode flow channels on said first side of said second anode flow field plate, wherein a plurality of thermally compensated coolant channels are formed between said first fuel cell and said second fuel cells by the cooperating surfaces of said second side of said first cathode flow field plate and a second side of said second anode flow field plate; or
said first cathode flow field plate comprises a first side and said second side, and a plurality of first cathode flow channels on said first side of said first cathode flow field plate, and said second anode flow field plate comprises a plurality of said second anode flow channels on a first side of said second anode flow field plate and a corresponding inverse pattern defining a second plurality of grooves on a second side of said second anode flow field plate, wherein a plurality of thermally compensated coolant channels are formed between said first fuel cell and said second fuel cells by the cooperating surfaces of said second side of said first cathode flow field plate and said second side of said second anode flow field plate.
10. The fuel cell assembly of claim 9 wherein said cross-sectional area of said thermally compensated coolant channel decreases continuously in said flow direction of said coolant along said thermally compensated coolant channel from said inlet to said outlet.
11. The fuel cell assembly of claim 9 wherein said thermally compensated coolant channel have a substantially rectangular cross-section, and a width of said thermally compensated coolant channel decreases in a non-linear fashion in said flow direction of said coolant along at least a portion of the length of said thermally compensated coolant channel.
12. The fuel cell assembly of claim 9 wherein a cross-sectional area of said second cathode flow channel decreases in a flow direction of said oxidant along at least a portion of the length of said second cathode flow channel.
13. The fuel cell assembly of claim 12 wherein said first cathode flow channel and said second cathode flow channel each have a substantially rectangular cross-section, and a width of said first cathode flow channel decreases in accordance with an exponential function along said at least a portion of the length of said first cathode flow channel, and a width of said second cathode flow channel decreases in accordance with an exponential function along said at least a portion of the length of said second cathode flow channel.
14. The fuel cell assembly of claim 12 wherein a cross-sectional area of said first anode flow channel decreases in a flow direction of said fuel along at least a portion of the length of said first anode flow channel, and the cross-sectional area of said second anode flow channel decreases in a flow direction of said fuel along at least a portion of the length of said second anode flow channel.
15. The fuel cell assembly of claim 14 wherein said first anode flow channel and said second anode flow channel each have a substantially rectangular cross-section, and a width of said first anode flow channel decreases in accordance with an exponential function along said at least a portion of the length of said first anode flow channel, and a width of said second anode flow channel decreases in accordance with an exponential function along said at least a portion of the length of said second anode flow channel.