Individualized Immunomodulation Therapy for Neurodegenerative Disorders, CNS Injury and Age-Related Dementia

1 . A method for treating an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a CNS-specific antigen for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,

wherein the CNS-specific antigen includes a myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide, a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide, a proteolipid protein (PLP) peptide, a myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) peptide, a S-100 peptide, a β-amyloid peptide, a Thy-1 peptide, a peripheral myelin protein (PMP) peptide, a neurotransmitter receptor peptide, or a Nogo protein peptide.

wherein the CNS-specific antigen activates the choroid plexus of the subject and maintains the activation by reducing immunosuppression and establishing Th1-type immune response at the choroid plexus thus allowing either anti-inflammatory immune cells or immune cells which acquire a healing phenotype at the cerebrospinal fluid, to pass through the choroid plexus, and accumulate at a site of damage in the CNS caused by the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the PMP peptide includes a P0 peptide, a P2 peptide or a PMP22 peptide.

3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the neurotransmitter receptor peptide includes an acetylcholine receptor peptide.

4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein a Nogo protein peptide includes a Nogo-A peptide, a Nogo-B peptide, a Nogo-C peptide or a Nogo receptor peptide.

5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the MBP is MBP 11-30 , MBP 51-70 , MBP 83-99 . MBP 87-99 , MBP 91-110 , MBP 131-150 , MBP 151-170 or MBP 84-104 of SEQ ID NO: 3.

6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the MOG peptide is MOG 35-55 or MOG 92-106 of SEQ ID NO: 5.

7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the MOG 35-55 is SEQ ID NO: 1.

8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the PLP peptide is PLP 139-151 or PLP 178-191 of SEQ ID NO: 4.

9 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the treating improves a CNS motor function.

10 . The method according to claim 9 , wherein the CNS motor function is controlling a motor function, controlling an auditory response, controlling a visual response, maintaining balance, maintaining equilibrium, movement coordination, conduction of sensory information or controlling an autonomic function.

11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein administration is performed according to a regimen causing a reduction of a level of an immunosuppression in the circulation of the subject relative to a reference, maintenance of the reduced level, and induction towards a Th1-type immune response, wherein the reduced level of immunosuppression and the Th1-type immune response in the circulation indicates and ensures activation of the choroid plexus of the subject and thus allowing either anti-inflammatory immune cells or immune cells which acquire a healing phenotype at the cerebrospinal fluid from the circulation to pass through the choroid plexus and accumulate at a site of damage in the CNS caused by the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the regimen is determined by:

i. monitoring immunosuppression and a Th1/Th2 balance in the subject by measuring in a blood sample obtained from the subject, within a predetermined time-period following administration, one or more parameters reflecting a degree of immunosuppression and the Th1/Th2 balance in the choroid plexus in said subject; and

ii. comparing the one or more parameters measured with the reference and determining whether the one or more parameters are different from the reference; and

iii. deciding, based on the relation of said one or more parameters measured to said reference whether to repeat treatment as defined in claim 1 .

13 . The method according to claim 12 , wherein the one or more parameters includes a ratio of Treg cells to effector T cells in a blood sample obtained from the subject, the reference is the most recent ratio measured in the subject before administration of the CNS-specific antigen, and

(i) the treatment and monitoring is repeated when the ratio is substantially similar to or higher than the reference; or

(ii) the monitoring is repeated when the one or more parameters is lower than the reference value.

14 . A method for inhibiting neuronal degeneration in the CNS, protecting neurons from glutamate toxicity or promoting nerve regeneration in nerve tissue damaged by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,

wherein the CNS-specific antigen includes a myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide, a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide, a proteolipid protein (PLP) peptide, a myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) peptide, a S-100 peptide, a β-amyloid peptide, a Thy-1 peptide, a peripheral myelin protein (PMP) peptide, a neurotransmitter receptor peptide, or a Nogo protein peptide.

wherein the CNS-specific antigen activates the choroid plexus of the subject and maintains the activation by reducing immunosuppression and establishing Th1-type immune response at the choroid plexus thus allowing either anti-inflammatory immune cells or immune cells which acquire a healing phenotype at the cerebrospinal fluid, to pass through the choroid plexus, and accumulate at a site of damage in the CNS caused by the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the PMP peptide includes a P0 peptide, a P2 peptide or a PMP22 peptide.

16 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the neurotransmitter receptor peptide includes an acetylcholine receptor peptide.

17 . The method of claim 14 , wherein a Nogo protein peptide includes a Nogo-A peptide, a Nogo-B peptide, a Nogo-C peptide or a Nogo receptor peptide.

18 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the MBP is MBP 11-30 , MBP 51-70 , MBP 83-99 , MBP 87-99 , MBP 91-110 , MBP 131-150 , MBP 151-170 or MBP 84-104 of SEQ ID NO: 3.

19 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the MOG peptide is MOG 35-55 or MOG 92-106 of SEQ ID NO: 5.

20 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the PLP peptide is PLP 139-151 or PLP 178-191 of SEQ ID NO: 4.