Electrolytic generation and purification of carbon
The embodiments herein relate to methods, apparatus, and systems for forming and purifying solid carbon material from a molten carbonate salt electrolyte. Various embodiments also provide methods, apparatus, and systems for recycling certain materials including the carbonate salt electrolyte, carbon dioxide, water, etc. Advantageously, the system utilizes carbon dioxide in one or more processes, for example to purify the solid carbon and regenerate the carbonate salt electrolyte. These methods, apparatus, and systems provide an efficient technique to consume carbon dioxide in the production of solid carbon, with substantial advantages over systems that attempt to form solid carbon from a stream of carbon dioxide provided directly to an electrolysis reactor.
1. A method of producing and purifying carbon and recovering lithium carbonate, the method comprising:
reducing carbonate ions at a cathode in a molten carbonate salt electrolyte in an electrolysis reactor to form at least carbon, wherein the molten carbonate salt electrolyte comprises lithium carbonate;
producing a solid reaction product comprising the carbon, lithium oxide, and the lithium carbonate from the molten carbonate salt electrolyte;
transferring the solid reaction product to a grinder and grinding the solid reaction product into a powdered form;
after grinding the solid reaction product into the powdered form, contacting the solid reaction product with water to react at least some of the lithium oxide with the water to form lithium hydroxide;
separating the lithium hydroxide from the carbon and lithium carbonate in the solid reaction product;
after separating the lithium hydroxide from the carbon and lithium carbonate in the solid reaction product, transferring the solid reaction product to an extraction vessel;
providing carbon dioxide and a hydrogen-donor solvent to the extraction vessel at a target pressure to (i) produce lithium bicarbonate from the lithium carbonate, and (ii) form a mixture comprising purified solid carbon and a solution of (a) the lithium bicarbonate, (b) the carbon dioxide, and (c) the hydrogen-donor solvent, wherein the target pressure is a total pressure in the extraction vessel;
separating the purified solid carbon from the mixture; and
removing the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen-donor solvent from the solution to provide recovered lithium carbonate.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising supplying the recovered lithium carbonate to the electrolysis reactor.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein removing the carbon dioxide from the solution precipitates the recovered lithium carbonate in the hydrogen-donor solvent.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising after removing the hydrogen-donor solvent from the solution, supplying the hydrogen-donor solvent removed from the solution into the extraction vessel.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising after removing the carbon dioxide from the solution, supplying the carbon dioxide removed from the solution to the extraction vessel.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein providing carbon dioxide to the extraction vessel comprises providing a feed stream of carbon dioxide to the extraction vessel and providing the carbon dioxide removed from the solution to the extraction vessel.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein removing the carbon dioxide from the solution converts the lithium bicarbonate to the recovered lithium carbonate.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target pressure is at least about 1 atmosphere, but is sufficiently low such that the carbon dioxide is not supercritical in the extraction vessel.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein a temperature in the extraction vessel is at least about 20° C.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target pressure is at least about 73 atmospheres and is sufficiently high such that the carbon dioxide is supercritical in the extraction vessel.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein a temperature in the extraction vessel is at least about 31.1° C.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising drying the purified solid carbon and using the purified solid carbon to fabricate one or more device or material selected from the group consisting of: a battery, a capacitor, a polymer composite, a metal matrix composite, a carbon-carbon composite, a ceramic composite, and combinations thereof.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the purified solid carbon comprises one or more material selected from the group consisting of: activated carbon, amorphous carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, and fullerenes.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the purified solid carbon comprises carbon nanotubes.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the purified solid carbon comprises graphite.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid reaction product comprises:
between about 5-50 wt % carbon,
between about 5-50 wt % lithium oxide, and
between about 5-50 wt % lithium carbonate.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein after contacting the solid reaction product with water, the solid reaction product comprises:
between about 50-100 wt % carbon,
between about 0-30 wt % lithium oxide, and
between about 0-30 wt % lithium carbonate.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the powdered form of the solid reaction product comprises particles having an average diameter between about 0.5-5 mm.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the purified solid carbon comprises no greater than about 0.1 atomic % lithium.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the purified solid carbon comprises no greater than about 0.05 atomic % lithium.
21. A method of producing and purifying carbon and recovering lithium carbonate, the method comprising:
reducing carbonate ions at a cathode in a molten carbonate salt electrolyte in an electrolysis reactor to form at least carbon, wherein the molten carbonate salt electrolyte comprises lithium carbonate;
producing a solid reaction product comprising the carbon, lithium oxide, and the lithium carbonate from the molten carbonate salt electrolyte;
transferring the solid reaction product to a grinder and grinding the solid reaction product into a powdered form having an average particle diameter between about 0.5-5 mm;
after the solid reaction product is ground into the powdered form, transferring the solid reaction product to an extraction vessel;
providing carbon dioxide and a hydrogen-donor solvent to the extraction vessel at a target pressure to (i) produce lithium bicarbonate from the lithium carbonate, and (ii) form a mixture comprising purified solid carbon and a solution of (a) the lithium bicarbonate, (b) the carbon dioxide, and (c) the hydrogen-donor solvent, wherein the target pressure is a total pressure in the extraction vessel;
separating the purified solid carbon from the mixture; and
removing the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen-donor solvent from the solution to provide recovered lithium carbonate.