Machines and processes for producing polymer films and films produced thereby
Processes and machines suitable for producing polymer films, and films produced thereby. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) particles and electrically conductive nanoparticles are combined in a liquid polymer precursor matrix and aligned along nanocolumns in a thickness direction of the polymer precursor matrix by subjecting the PZT and nanoparticles to a uniform electric field, after which the polymer precursor matrix is solidified to form a piezoelectric polymer composite film. The PZT and nanoparticles are subjected to the uniform electric field for a duration sufficient to promote sensitivity and/or energy harvesting properties of the piezoelectric polymer composite film.
1. A process for producing a piezoelectric polymer composite film, the process comprising:
combining lead zirconate titanate (PZT) particles and electrically conductive nanoparticles in a liquid polymer precursor matrix;
aligning the PZT and nanoparticles in a thickness direction of the liquid polymer precursor matrix by subjecting the PZT and nanoparticles to a uniform electric field; and
solidifying the liquid polymer precursor matrix to form a piezoelectric polymer composite film comprising the PZT and nanoparticles in a polymer matrix formed by solidifying the liquid polymer precursor matrix;
wherein the PZT and nanoparticles are subjected to the uniform electric field for a duration sufficient to promote sensitivity and/or energy harvesting properties of the piezoelectric polymer composite film.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the PZT particles are combined in the liquid polymer precursor matrix in an amount by volume greater than the nanoparticles.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the PZT particles are combined in the liquid polymer precursor matrix in an amount of about 0.05 vol % to about 15 vol %.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles are combined in the liquid polymer precursor matrix in an amount of about 0.02 vol %.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles are graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs).
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles are graphite or single or multiwall carbon nanotubes.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the polymer matrix is a thermocurable or photocurable thermoset or thermoplastic.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the polymer matrix is thermocurable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the uniform electric field is an AC field at a constant frequency and about 250 to about 1000 V/mm.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric polymer composite film has an optical transparency of about 90% or more.
11. The process of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric polymer composite film is a component of a flexible nanogenerator.
12. The process of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric polymer composite film is a component of a touchscreen interface, display panel, or electronic skin.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric polymer composite film is a component of a pressure or force sensor.
14. The process of claim 1 , wherein the process is performed by a roll-to-roll machine comprising:
means for applying a liquid polymer on a substrate to form the liquid polymer precursor matrix;
means for at least partially embedding the PZT and nanoparticles into the liquid polymer precursor matrix;
means for melt casting a layer of a molten polymer on the liquid polymer precursor matrix to produce a thin polymer film;
means for organizing the PZT and nanoparticles in a thickness direction of the thin polymer film comprising applying an electric field to the thin polymer film;
means for aligning the PZT and nanoparticles in the thin polymer film by simultaneously subjecting the thin polymer film to heat and a field that aligns the PZT and nanoparticles; and
means for solidifying the thin polymer film to freeze the PZT and nanoparticles along nanocolumns in a thickness direction of a solidified polymer film resulting therefrom.
15. A piezoelectric polymer composite film comprising a polymer matrix with lead zirconate titanate (PZT) particles and electrically conductive nanoparticles aligned along nanocolumns in a thickness direction of the polymer matrix.
16. The piezoelectric polymer composite film of claim 15 , wherein the nanoparticles are graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs).
17. The piezoelectric polymer composite film of claim 15 , wherein the nanoparticles are graphite or single or multiwall carbon nanotubes.
18. The piezoelectric polymer composite film of claim 15 , wherein the polymer matrix is a thermocurable or photocurable thermoset or thermoplastic.
19. The piezoelectric polymer composite film of claim 15 , wherein the polymer matrix is a soft polymer material chosen from the group consisting of thermocurable polyurethanes, silicone rubbers, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
20. The piezoelectric polymer composite film of claim 15 , wherein the piezoelectric polymer composite film has an optical transparency of about 90% or more.