Diagnostic and therapeutic splints

1. A splint system for diagnostic and/or therapeutic functions for a patient with a vascular impairment, comprising:

a splint having:

a leg supporting portion and a foot supporting portion, that are configured to support and secure the leg and foot of the patient;

a locally and/or remotely controllable portion for setting a dorsiflexion angle of the foot of the patient, including electrical and/or mechanical controls and one or more actuators for setting of the dorsiflexion angle, for providing treatment to improve vascular function; and

one or more physiological parameter sensors for measuring one or more physiological parameters of the leg and/or foot of the patient, wherein the one or more physiological parameters are associated with vascular function in the leg and/or foot of the patient, wherein the physiological parameters comprises tissue oxygenation of one or more plantar flexor muscles of the leg of the patient; and

a controller configured to receive the measurement of the tissue oxygenation of the one or more plantar flexor muscles of the leg of the patient and facilitate determination of a prescription dorsiflexion angle that decrease muscle oxygenation by an effective amount.

2. The splint system of claim 1 , wherein the vascular impairment is peripheral arterial disease (PAD).

3. The splint system of claim 1 , wherein the treatment to improve the vascular function comprises improving blood flow and/or oxygenation.

4. The splint system of claim 1 , wherein setting a dorsiflexion angle of the foot of the patient comprises holding the foot at a predetermined dorsiflexion angle using a plate that is located at the foot supporting portion of the splint and is operatively coupled to the one or more actuators.

5. The splint system of claim 1 , wherein the leg supporting portion extends behind the knee of the patient to prevent bending of the knee during use of the splint.

6. The splint system of claim 1 , wherein the sensors comprise one or more sensors for measuring tension applied by the splint to the leg and/or foot.

7. The splint system of claim 6 , wherein the splint further comprises one or more components for preventing the tension applied by the splint to reach or exceed a level associated with a clinically undesirable result.

8. The splint system of claim 1 , wherein the physiological parameters comprise one or more of:

oxygen saturation;

pulse;

blood pressure;

ankle-brachial index;

pulse wave velocity;

femoral bruit;

skin temperature; or

blood flow velocity.

9. The splint system of claim 1 , wherein the sensors comprise one or more of:

at least one blood pressure cuff;

at least one bruit sensor;

at least one dorsiflexion angle sensor;

at least one near infrared spectroscopy contact point;

at least one doppler ultrasound device or tonometer;

at least one photoplethysmogram;

at least one tensiometer;

at least one plantar pressure measurement sensor;

at least one dorsalis pedis sensor; or

at least one skin temperature sensor.

10. The splint system of claim 1 , wherein the system further comprises one or more sensors disposed separately from the splint, and wherein the sensors of the splint and/or the one or more sensors disposed separately comprise at least one of:

a brachial cuff;

an ankle cuff; or

a blood pressor cuff integrated with the splint.

11. The splint system of claim 1 , wherein the system further comprises one or more computing devices coupled via wired and/or wireless connections to the splint, configured for displaying visual representations of the measured physiological parameters and/or entry of data associated with the measured physiological parameters.

12. The splint system of claim 1 , wherein the system further comprises a remote control device configured to remotely control the dorsiflexion angle.

13. The splint system of claim 1 , wherein the sensors comprise a perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or a blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) MRI.

14. The splint system of claim 1 , wherein the sensors comprise a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) sensor configured to measure the tissue oxygenation of the one or more plantar flexor muscles of the leg of the patient.

15. The splint system of claim 14 , wherein the NIRS is further configured to measure oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), and/or total tissue hemo(+myo)globin (tHb).

16. The splint system of claim 14 , wherein the NIRS sensor uses a light source with two or more wavelengths of light and two detectors placed at different distances from the light source.

17. The splint system of claim 1 , wherein the effective amount induces local ischemia in the one or more plantar flexor muscles of the leg of the patient.

18. The splint system of claim 17 , wherein the effective amount is sufficient to treat peripheral artery disease (PAD).

19. The splint system of claim 17 , wherein the effective amount is a muscle oxygenation of less than 50%.

20. The splint system of claim 19 , wherein the effective amount is a muscle oxygenation of between 40-50%.

21. The splint system of claim 17 , wherein the effective amount is a decrease in a baseline oxygenation level of between 30-40%.

22. The splint system of claim 17 , wherein the controller is configured to facilitate determination of the dorsiflexion angle that decrease muscle oxygenation by an effective amount upon setting the dorsiflexion angle of the foot of the patient at each of a plurality of regular dorsiflexion angle increments.

23. The splint system of claim 22 , wherein the plurality of regular dorsiflexion angle increments are at 1-5° increments.

24. The splint system of claim 17 , wherein the controller is configured to display the measurement of the tissue oxygenation of the one or more plantar flexor muscles of the leg of the patient and receive an input for setting the dorsiflexion angle of the foot of the patient.

25. The splint system of claim 17 , wherein the controller is configured to receive the measurement of the tissue oxygenation of the one or more plantar flexor muscles of the leg of the patient and automatically setting the dorsiflexion angle of the foot of the patient.