Para-orthohydrogen conversion using a vortex tube
A para-orthohydrogen conversion device comprises a vortex tube. The vortex tube may include an inlet disposed at a first end of the vortex tube, a catalyst disposed on the interior wall of the vortex tube, a first outlet comprising an opening on the perimeter of a second end of the vortex tube, a stopper disposed at the center of the second end of the vortex tube, and a second outlet disposed on the first end of the vortex tube. A method includes converting parahydrogen to orthohydrogen via the catalyst and rotational force as hydrogen gas moves through the vortex tube such that cooled parahydrogen-rich gas or liquid hydrogen accumulates near the center of the vortex tube.
1. A method comprising:
transferring hydrogen gas having 50% orthohydrogen and 50% parahydrogen and pressurized to at least 50 pounds per square inch into a proximal end of a vortex tube;
flowing the hydrogen gas toward a distal end of the vortex tube, the hydrogen gas rotating within the vortex tube as the hydrogen gas flows toward the distal end;
reacting a first portion of parahydrogen hydrogen gas of the hydrogen gas that contacts a catalyst on an interior wall into orthohydrogen gas, wherein the first portion creates a layer of orthohydrogen-rich gas at the periphery of the vortex tube via contact with the catalyst such that a second portion of the hydrogen gas in the center of the vortex tube converts to liquid hydrogen;
expelling the orthohydrogen-rich hydrogen gas from the distal end of the vortex tube; and
flowing parahydrogen-rich hydrogen gas out the proximal end of the vortex tube.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the orthohydrogen-rich hydrogen gas comprises more orthohydrogen than parahydrogen.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the orthohydrogen-rich hydrogen gas comprises 75% orthohydrogen and 25% parahydrogen.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the parahydrogen-rich hydrogen gas comprises more parahydrogen than orthohydrogen.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the parahydrogen-rich hydrogen gas comprises 75% parahydrogen and 25% orthohydrogen.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is selected from: ruthenium, copper, platinum, palladium, manganese, ferric oxide, silver, a rare earth metal, or a combination thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , expelling the orthohydrogen-rich gas includes expelling the orthohydrogen-rich gas at 120K.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the catalyst coats at least an interior wall portion of the vortex tube.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen gas has a first temperature, wherein the orthohydrogen-rich hydrogen gas has a second temperature greater than the first temperature, wherein the parahydrogen-rich hydrogen gas has a third temperature less than the first temperature.
10. A method comprising:
transferring hydrogen gas having 50% orthohydrogen and 50% parahydrogen and pressurized to at least 50 pounds per square inch into a proximal end of a vortex tube;
flowing the hydrogen gas toward a distal end of the vortex tube, the hydrogen gas rotating within the vortex tube as the hydrogen gas flows toward the distal end; and
reacting a first portion of parahydrogen hydrogen gas of the hydrogen gas that contacts a catalyst on an interior wall into orthohydrogen gas, wherein the first portion creates a layer of orthohydrogen-rich gas at the periphery of the vortex tube via contact with the catalyst such that a second portion of the hydrogen gas in the center of the vortex tube converts to liquid hydrogen.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the catalyst is selected from: ruthenium, copper, platinum, palladium, manganese, ferric oxide, silver, a rare earth metal, or a combination thereof.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the liquid hydrogen comprises more parahydrogen than orthohydrogen by mass.
13. The method of claim 10 , further comprising transferring a remaining portion of the hydrogen gas out the distal end of the vortex tube.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the vortex tube comprises a first vortex tube, the catalyst comprises a first catalyst, and further comprising:
flowing the parahydrogen-rich hydrogen gas to a second vortex tube; and
reacting at least a portion of the parahydrogen-rich hydrogen gas with a second catalyst disposed within the second vortex tube such that liquid hydrogen is formed.
15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising:
flowing the orthohydrogen-rich hydrogen gas to a third vortex tube; and
reacting at least a portion of the orthohydrogen-rich hydrogen gas with a third catalyst disposed within the third vortex tube such that liquid hydrogen is formed.