Carbon based materials as solid-state ligands for metal nanoparticle catalysts
High activity metal nanoparticle catalysts, such as Pd or Pt nanoparticle catalysts, are provided. Adsorption of metal precursors such as Pd or Pt precursors onto carbon based materials such as graphene followed by solventless (or low-solvent) microwave irradiation at ambient conditions results in the formation of catalysts in which metal nanoparticles are supported on i) the surface of the carbon based materials and ii) in/on/within defects/holes in the carbon based materials.
1. A method of hydrosilylating an alkene, comprising
providing a Pt catalyst, wherein the Pt catalyst is made by a method comprising
i) depositing a Pt precursor on a carbon-based material; and
ii) irradiating carbon-based material comprising deposited Pt precursor with radiant energy sufficient to attach Pt from the Pt precursor to the carbon-based material, thereby forming a Pt catalyst; and
contacting the alkene with the Pt catalyst in the presence of a hydrosilylating agent,
wherein the carbon-based material is a graphene-based material; and
wherein the method is performed in a continuous flow reactor and further comprises a step of, at a period of time after the contacting step, washing the catalyst to remove adsorbed Si.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the graphene-based material comprises one or more of GP1-5, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene nanoplatelets (GN), graphene nanoplatelet aggregates, graphene nanotubes, monolayer graphene, few-layer graphene (FLG) and multilayer graphene (MLG).
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of depositing is performed by
loading the graphene-based material with the Pt precursor via strong electrostatic adsorption (SEA), wherein the loading takes place in an aqueous solution.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein, prior to the step of irradiating, the method further comprises the steps of:
separating graphene-based material loaded with Pt precursor from the aqueous solution; and
drying the graphene-based material loaded with Pt precursor.
5. The method of claim 3 , further comprising, prior to the step of loading, the steps of determining an optimum pH for SEA of the Pt precursor to the graphene-based material and adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution to the optimum pH.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of depositing is performed by dry impregnation, charge enhanced dry impregnation, wet impregnation, precipitation, co-precipitation, precipitation-impregnation or deposition precipitation.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the radiant energy is microwave energy.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the graphene-based material is GN.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the Pt precursor is PtCl 4 2− .
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of irradiating is performed at a fixed temperature.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the fixed temperature is 160° C.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkene is 1-octene.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrosilylating agent is (Me 3 SiO) 2 MeSiH.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Pt catalyst comprises Pt nanoparticles that are 10 nm or less in size.
15. The method of claim 5 , wherein the pH is 3.25.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the turnover number for the reaction is 9.4×10 6 .
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the period of time is at least 5 hours.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the period of time is 8 hours.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrosilylating agent is (Me 3 SiO) 2 MeSiH, (EtO) 3 SiH, (EtO) 2 MeSiH or Et 3 SiH.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkene is a functionalized allyl compound.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the functionalized allyl compound is vinylcyclohexene oxide, 1-octene, allyl gycidal ether,
22. The method of claim 19 , wherein if the hydrosilylating agent is (EtO) 3 SiH, then the alkene is not allyl gycidal ether.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of contacting produces a γ-substituted propylsilane or a siloxane.