Monitoring health and disease status using clonotype profiles
There is a need for improved methods for determining the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with conditions, including autoimmune disease and cancer, especially lymphoid neoplasms, such as lymphomas and leukemias. Provided herein are methods for using DNA sequencing to identify personalized, or patient-specific biomarkers in patients with lymphoid neoplasms, autoimmune disease and other conditions. Identified biomarkers can be used to determine and/or monitor the disease state for a subject with an associated lymphoid disorder or autoimmune disease or other condition. In particular, the invention provides a sensitive method for monitoring lymphoid neoplasms that undergo clonal evolutions without the need to development alternative assays for the evolved or mutated clones serving as patient-specific biomarkers.
1. A method of monitoring immune rejection of a transplanted organ by a transplant recipient, comprising:
(a) performing a mixed lymphocyte reaction with irradiated donor lymphocytes and recipient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC);
(b) isolating or replicating activated lymphocytes from the mixture of step (a);
(c) sequencing the immune cell receptors of the activated lymphocytes to generate a clonotype profile, wherein the clonotype profile comprises at least 10,000 clonotype sequences of 20 to 400 nucleotides in length;
(d) comparing the clonotype profile generated in step (c) to pre-activation clonotypes of recipient lymphocytes to identify clonotypes that interact with the donor lymphocytes;
(e) determining the levels of the clonotypes identified in step (d) in a sample of the recipient's PBMC; and
(f) monitoring immune rejection of the transplanted organ by monitoring the clonotype levels determined in step (e).
2. The method according to claim 1 , comprising repeating step (e) using successive samples of the recipient's PBMC.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the transplanted organ is a solid organ.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein step (b) comprises both isolating and replicating the activated lymphocytes.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the sample of the recipient's PBMC in step (e) is obtained after transplant.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein sequencing the immune cell receptors comprises sequencing nucleic acid comprising recombined DNA sequences from T-cell receptor genes.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the recombined DNA sequences comprise a genomic rearrangement selected from the group consisting of: a VDJ rearrangement of TCR β, a DJ rearrangement of TCR β, a VJ rearrangement of TCR α, a VJ rearrangement of TCR λ, a VDJ rearrangement of TCR δ, and a VD rearrangement of TCR δ.
8. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the recombined DNA sequences comprise T-cell receptor (TCR) complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3)-encoding DNA sequences.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the CDR3-encoding DNA sequences comprise TCR β CDR3-encoding DNA sequences.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein sequencing the immune cell receptors comprises sequencing nucleic acid comprising recombined DNA sequences from immunoglobulin genes.
11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the recombined sequences comprise a genomic rearrangement selected from the group consisting of: a VDJ rearrangement of IgH, a DJ rearrangement of IgH, a VJ rearrangement of IgK, and a VJ rearrangement of IgL.