Methods and systems for measuring serotonin in a sample
Disclosed are methods and systems for measuring serotonin in a sample using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
1. A method for determining amount of serotonin released by a biological sample, the method comprising:
providing at least two samples, each comprising the biological sample and donor platelets, wherein a first one or more of the at least two samples comprises heparin at a first concentration, and a second one or more of the at least two samples comprises heparin at a second concentration different from the first concentration;
incubating the at least two samples for a period of time to release serotonin from the donor platelets, thereby generating at least two incubated samples;
chromatographically separating serotonin from other components in the at least two incubated samples using liquid chromatography; and
analyzing the chromatographically separated serotonin by mass spectrometry to determine the amount of released serotonin in the at least two samples relative to a total amount of serotonin available in the donor platelets.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first concentration of heparin is 0.001 to 1 U/mL, and the second concentration of heparin is 50 to 1000 U/mL.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biological sample is a serum sample or a plasma sample.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the serum sample or the plasma sample is obtained from a heparin-treated subject or a subject suspected of having heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein each of the serum samples or the plasma samples are classified as negative, low positive, positive or intermediate with respect to HIT based on the determined amount of the released serotonin.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the donor platelets are obtained from at least one presumed healthy subject.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the donor platelets are washed and partially purified prior to the providing the at least two samples.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the donor platelets are serotonin-incubated donor platelets.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the serotonin-incubated donor platelets are incubated with serotonin prior to the providing the at least two samples.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the serotonin-incubated donor platelets are incubated with stable isotopically-labeled serotonin prior to the providing the at least two samples.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the stable isotopically-labeled serotonin comprises deuterium labeled serotonin, carbon-13 labeled serotonin, nitrogen-15 labeled serotonin, oxygen-18 labeled serotonin, or combinations thereof.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amount of released serotonin can be measured at concentrations from 1 ng/mL to 1000 ng/mL.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising partially purifying the at least two incubated samples prior to the chromatographically separating serotonin from the other components in the at least two incubated samples using liquid chromatography.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid chromatography includes analytical liquid chromatography.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid chromatography includes reverse phase column chromatography.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid chromatography includes column chromatography.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid chromatography includes using two or more liquid chromatography columns in parallel, where the two or more liquid chromatography columns are connected inline to a single mass spectrometer.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein using two or more liquid chromatography columns in parallel includes introducing the at least two incubated samples to the two or more liquid chromatography columns at staggered times.
19. A method of generating a report useful for diagnosing a disease or condition associated with abnormal platelet activation, the method comprising:
(a) providing at least two samples, each comprising a biological sample and donor platelets, wherein a first one or more of the at least two samples comprises heparin at a first concentration, and a second one or more of the at least two samples comprises heparin at a second concentration different from the first concentration;
(b) incubating the at least two samples for a period of time to release serotonin from the donor platelets, thereby generating at least two incubated samples;
(c) chromatographically separating serotonin from other components in the at least two incubated samples using liquid chromatography;
(d) analyzing the chromatographically separated serotonin by mass spectrometry to determine amount of released serotonin in the at least two samples relative to a total amount of serotonin available within the donor platelets; and
(e) generating a report that recites percentage release of serotonin in the at least two samples.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the biological sample is a serum sample or a plasma sample.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the serum sample or the plasma sample is obtained from a heparin-treated subject, or a subject suspected of having heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the report recites whether each of the serum samples or the plasma samples is classified as negative, low positive, positive or intermediate with respect to HIT based on the percentage release of serotonin in the samples.
23. The method of claim 19 , wherein the first concentration of heparin is 0.001 to 1 U/mL, and the second concentration of heparin is 50 to 1000 U/mL.
24. The method of claim 19 , wherein the donor platelets are serotonin-incubated donor platelets.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the serotonin-incubated donor platelets are incubated with serotonin prior to the providing the at least two samples.
26. The method of claim 19 , wherein the donor platelets are obtained from at least one presumed healthy subject.
27. A system for determining amount of serotonin released by a biological sample, the system comprising:
(a) a station for providing at least two samples, each comprising a biological sample and donor platelets, wherein a first one or more of the at least two samples comprises heparin at a first concentration, and a second one or more of the at least two samples comprises heparin at a second concentration different from the first concentration;
(b) a station for incubating the at least two samples for a period of time to release serotonin from the donor platelets, thereby generating at least two incubated samples;
(c) a station for chromatographically separating serotonin from other components in the at least two incubated samples using liquid chromatography; and
(d) a station for analyzing the chromatographically separated serotonin by mass spectrometry to determine amount of released serotonin in the at least two samples relative to a total amount of serotonin available within the donor platelets.
28. The system of claim 27 , wherein the first concentration of heparin is 0.001 to 1 U/mL, and the second concentration of heparin is 50 to 1000 U/mL.
29. The system of claim 27 , wherein the biological sample is a serum sample or a plasma sample.
30. The system of claim 27 , wherein the donor platelets are serotonin-incubated donor platelets.
31. The system of claim 27 , wherein the donor platelets are stable isotopically labeled serotonin-incubated platelets.
32. The system of claim 31 , wherein the stable isotopically-labeled serotonin comprises deuterium labeled serotonin, carbon-13 labeled serotonin, nitrogen-15 labeled serotonin, oxygen-18 labeled serotonin, or combinations thereof.
33. The system of claim 32 , further comprising a station for partially purifying the at least two incubated samples prior to the chromatographically separating serotonin from other components in the at least two incubated samples.
34. The system of claim 27 , wherein the liquid chromatography includes analytical liquid chromatography.
35. The system of claim 27 , wherein the liquid chromatography includes reverse phase column chromatography.
36. The system of claim 27 , wherein the liquid chromatography includes column chromatography.
37. The system of claim 27 , wherein the station for chromatographically separating serotonin from other components in the at least two incubated samples using liquid chromatography includes two or more liquid chromatography columns in parallel, where the two or more liquid chromatography columns are connected inline to a single mass spectrometer.