Engineered microbes for rare earth element adsorption
Presently described are engineered microbes modified such that the surface of the microbe contains one or more rare earth element (REE) binding ligands, as well as methods of use thereof.
1. A genetically engineered microbe comprising an exogenous nucleic acid sequence encoding a rare earth element (REE) binding ligand, wherein the REE binding ligand comprises more than 6 copies of double lanthanide binding tags (dLBTs) connected by a flexible and hydrophilic linker.
2. The microbe of claim 1 , wherein the microbe is a bacterium or bacteriophage.
3. The microbe of claim 2 , wherein the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Caulobacter crescentus ( C. crescentus ), Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), and Lactobacillus.
4. The microbe of claim 1 , wherein the REE binding ligand is expressed on the cell surface and/or within a cell surface protein.
5. The microbe of claim 4 , wherein the REE binding ligand is displayed on the cell surface by a surface layer (S-layer) protein.
6. The microbe of claim 5 , wherein the dLBTs are functionalized to an outer membrane protein A (OmpA).
7. The microbe of claim 1 , wherein the dLBTs on the cell surface protein comprise 8 copies of the dLBTs.
8. The microbe of claim 1 , wherein a binding affinity (Ka) of the REE binding ligand of the microbe to a REE is between about 1 μM and 200 μM.
9. The microbe of claim 1 , wherein efficacy of REE adsorption by the microbe is 2-fold or greater increase compared to a nonengineered control.
10. The microbe of claim 1 , wherein the REE binding ligand binds a REE selected from the group consisting of lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y).
11. The microbe of claim 1 , wherein the microbe has a preferential binding affinity for a smaller atomic radii REE selected from the group consisting of gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, europium, ytterbium, and yttrium.
12. The microbe of claim 11 , wherein the microbe has a preferential binding affinity for a smaller atomic radii REE compared to a larger atomic radii REE, wherein the smaller atomic radii REE is selected from the group consisting of terbium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, and ytterbium, and
wherein the larger atomic radii REE is selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, cerium, and praseodymium.
13. A composition comprising an amount of the genetically engineered microbe of claim 1 .
14. A system comprising an amount of the genetically engineered microbe of claim 1 .
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein the genetically engineered microbes are attached to a solid support.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the solid support comprises a column, a membrane, or a bead.
17. A method for extracting rare earth elements (REE) from a material comprising the steps of:
(a) providing the genetically engineered microbe of claim 1 ;
(b) contacting the genetically engineered microbe with a REE containing material, whereupon the REE binding ligand specifically binds at least a portion of the REE to form a microbe-REE complex;
(c) separating the microbe-REE complex from at least a portion of the material; and
(d) separating the REE from the genetically engineered microbe to produce regenerated genetically engineered microbes.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the material is rare earth ores, geothermal brines, coal, coal byproducts, mine tailings, phosphogypsum, and/or acid or salt leachate of solid materials.
19. The method of claim 17 , further comprising reusing the regenerated genetically engineered microbes of step (d) to carry out steps (a)-(c).