Methods and apparatus to validate data communicated by a vehicle

1. An apparatus to validate data communicated by a vehicle, the apparatus comprising:

a trilateral distance bounding executor to perform trilateral distance bounding on all tuples of vehicles to detect a location of a vehicle, wherein less than half of surrounding vehicles are compromised and colluding with the vehicle;

an anomaly detector to, in response to data communicated by the vehicle, at least one of compare an estimated speed with a reported speed, or compare the location of the vehicle with a reported location;

the anomaly detector to generate an indication of the vehicle in response to the comparison; and

a notifier to discard data sent by the vehicle and notify the surrounding vehicles of the data communicated by the vehicle.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further including a speed verifier to compare a calculated Doppler frequency shift and an estimated Doppler frequency shift obtained from the vehicle, to verify data communicated by the vehicle, the calculated Doppler frequency shift calculated using the reported speed, direction, and carrier frequency.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , further including a location verifier to determine if a plurality of vehicles report a matching location for the vehicle.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , further including the trilateral distance bounding executor to determine a threshold radius in which the vehicle is expected to be located in.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the notifier is to report the indication of the vehicle to surrounding infrastructure.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , further including the trilateral distance bounding executor to perform trilateral distance bounding on distance sub pairs to determine the location of the vehicle.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the notifier is to report the indication of the vehicle, wherein the indication of the vehicle indicates whether the vehicle is invalid or valid.

8. A method to validate data communicated by a vehicle, the method comprising:

performing trilateral distance bounding on tuples of vehicles to detect a location of a vehicle, wherein less than half of surrounding vehicles are compromised and colluding with the vehicle;

in response to data communicated by the vehicle, at least one of comparing an estimated speed with a reported speed or comparing the location of the vehicle with a reported location;

generating an indication of the vehicle in response to the comparison; and

in response to determining that the vehicle is invalid, discarding data sent by the vehicle, and notifying surrounding vehicles of the data communicated by the vehicle.

9. The method of claim 8 , further including comparing a calculated Doppler frequency shift and an estimated Doppler frequency shift obtained from the vehicle to verify data communicated by the vehicle, the calculated Doppler frequency shift calculated using the reported speed, direction, and carrier frequency.

10. The method of claim 8 , further including determining if a plurality of vehicles report a matching location for the vehicle.

11. The method of claim 8 , further including performing the trilateral distance bounding to determine a threshold radius in which the vehicle is expected to be located in.

12. The method of claim 8 , further including reporting the indication of the vehicle to surrounding infrastructure.

13. The method of claim 8 , further including performing the trilateral distance bounding on distance sub pairs to determine the location of the vehicle.

14. The method of claim 8 , further including reporting the indication of the vehicle, wherein the indication of the vehicle indicates whether the vehicle is invalid or valid.

15. The method of claim 8 , further including performing the trilateral distance bounding on tuples of vehicles to detect a true location of the vehicle, wherein less than half of surrounding vehicles are compromised and colluding with the vehicle.

16. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising computer readable instructions which, when executed, cause a processor to at least:

perform trilateral distance bounding on all tuples of vehicles to detect a location of a vehicle, wherein less than half of surrounding vehicles are compromised and colluding with the vehicle;

compare an estimated speed with a reported speed or compare the location of the vehicle with a reported location;

generate an indication of the vehicle in response to the comparison; and

in response to determining that the vehicle is invalid, discard data sent by the vehicle, and notify surrounding vehicles of the data communicated by the vehicle.

17. The computer readable medium of claim 16 , further including comparing a calculated Doppler frequency shift and an estimated Doppler frequency shift obtained from the vehicle to verify data communicated by the vehicle, the calculated Doppler frequency shift calculated using the reported speed, direction, and carrier frequency.

18. The computer readable medium of claim 16 , further including determining if a plurality of vehicles report a matching location for the vehicle.

19. The computer readable medium of claim 16 , further including performing the trilateral distance bounding to determine a threshold radius in which the vehicle is expected to be located in.

20. The computer readable medium of claim 16 , further including reporting the indication of the vehicle to surrounding infrastructure.

21. The computer readable medium of claim 16 , further including performing trilateral distance bounding on distance sub pairs to determine the location of the vehicle.

22. The computer readable medium of claim 16 , further including reporting the indication of the vehicle, wherein the indication of the vehicle indicates whether the vehicle is invalid or valid.