Methods and apparatus to validate data communicated by a vehicle
Methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture are disclosed to validate data communicated by a vehicle. An example apparatus an anomaly detector to, in response to data communicated by a vehicle, at least one of compare an estimated speed with a reported speed or compare a location of the vehicle with a reported location. The apparatus including the anomaly detector further to generate an indication of the vehicle in response to the comparison. The apparatus further includes a notifier to discard data sent by the vehicle and notify surrounding vehicles of the data communicated by the vehicle.
1 . An apparatus to validate data communicated by a vehicle, the apparatus comprising:
interface circuitry;
machine readable instructions; and
processor circuitry to at least one of instantiate or execute the machine readable instructions to:
request a verification packet from the vehicle;
estimate at least one of a first speed of the vehicle or a first location of the vehicle;
in response to data being communicated by the vehicle, at least one of compare the first speed with a second speed indicated via the data, or compare the first location of the vehicle with a second location indicated via the data;
determine a validity of the vehicle based on the comparison; and
output an indication corresponding to the determined validity of the vehicle.
2 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processor circuitry is to compare a calculated Doppler frequency shift to an estimated Doppler frequency shift obtained from the vehicle to verify the data communicated by the vehicle, the calculated Doppler frequency shift calculated using the second speed, a direction, and a carrier frequency indicated via the data.
3 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processor circuitry is to determine if a plurality of vehicles report a matching location for the vehicle.
4 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processor circuitry is to determine a threshold radius within which the vehicle is expected to be located.
5 . The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the processor circuitry is to perform trilateral distance bounding on all tuples of vehicles to detect the location, wherein less than half of surrounding vehicles are compromised and colluding with the vehicle.
6 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processor circuitry is to report the validity of the vehicle to surrounding infrastructure.
7 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processor circuitry is to perform trilateral distance bounding on distance sub pairs to determine the first location of the vehicle.
8 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the processor circuitry is to discard the data communicated by the vehicle in response to determining that the vehicle is invalid.
9 . A method to validate data communicated by a vehicle, the method comprising:
requesting a verification packet from the vehicle;
estimating at least one of a first speed of the vehicle or a first location of the vehicle;
in response to data being communicated by the vehicle, at least one of comparing the first speed with a second speed indicated via the data, or comparing the first location of the vehicle with a second location indicated via the data;
determining a validity of the vehicle based on the comparison; and
outputting an indication corresponding to the determined validity of the vehicle.
10 . The method of claim 9 , further including comparing a calculated Doppler frequency shift to an estimated Doppler frequency shift obtained from the vehicle to verify the data communicated by the vehicle, the calculated Doppler frequency shift calculated using the second speed, a direction, and a carrier frequency indicated via the data.
11 . The method of claim 9 , further including determining if a plurality of vehicles report a matching location for the vehicle.
12 . The method of claim 9 , further including performing trilateral distance bounding to determine a threshold radius within which the vehicle is expected to be located.
13 . The method of claim 12 , further including performing trilateral distance bounding on tuples of vehicles to detect a location, wherein less than half of surrounding vehicles are compromised and colluding with the vehicle.
14 . The method of claim 9 , further including reporting the validity of the vehicle to surrounding infrastructure.
15 . The method of claim 9 , further including performing trilateral distance bounding on distance sub pairs to determine the first location of the vehicle.
16 . The method of claim 9 , further including discarding the data communicated by the vehicle in response to determining that the vehicle is invalid.
17 . The method of claim 9 , further including performing trilateral distance bounding on tuples of vehicles to detect a true location of the vehicle, wherein less than half of surrounding vehicles are compromised and colluding with the vehicle.
18 . A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising computer readable instructions which, when executed, cause a processor to at least:
request a verification packet from a vehicle;
estimate at least one of a first speed of the vehicle or a first location of the vehicle;
in response to data being communicated by the vehicle, at least one of compare the first speed with a second speed indicated via the data, or compare the first location of the vehicle with a second location indicated via the data;
determine a validity of the vehicle based on the comparison; and
output an indication corresponding to the determined validity of the vehicle.
19 . The computer readable medium of claim 18 , wherein the computer readable instructions cause the processor to compare a calculated Doppler frequency shift and an estimated Doppler frequency shift obtained from the vehicle to verify the data communicated by the vehicle, the calculated Doppler frequency shift calculated using the second speed, a direction, and a carrier frequency indicated via the data.
20 . The computer readable medium of claim 18 , wherein the computer readable instructions cause the processor to determine if a plurality of vehicles report a matching location for the vehicle.