Reactor for hydrothermal growth of structured materials
Design, fabrication, and usage of a reactor are presented for synthesis of structured materials from a liquid-phase precursor by heating. The structured materials are particles, membranes or films of micro-porous molecular sieve crystals such as zeolite and meso-porous materials. The precursor solution and structured materials in the reactor are uniformly heated by a planar heater with characteristic heat transfer dimension in the range of 3 mm to 10 cm. A planar heater having width and length at least three times of the characteristic heat transfer dimension provides at least one surface of uniform temperature distribution for heating purposes. Heating is conducted over a temperature range of 20 to 300° C. The planar heater can be heated by electrical power of by thermal fluid.
1. A reactor comprising:
a plate-shaped reactor vessel configured to contain a solution comprising a precursor and a structured material within a slot having an aperture in the range of 3 mm to 10 cm, the reactor vessel having a plate width and length at least three times of the slot aperture size;
at least one major surface heating area of the reactor vessel capable of heating the solution inside contained in the slot in the reactor vessel at a heating rate less than 2° C./min to minimize the temperature variance inside a reactor growth zone; and
at least one removable cover for transporting the structured material out of the reactor vessel,
wherein the reactor is configured for synthesis of a porous structured material in a solution by heating at a temperature less than 300° C.
2. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the surface heating area comprises a planar heater having an electrical heating element, insulation and a protective cover.
3. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the surface heating area comprises a planar heater having an array of flow paths for a thermal fluid on a thermally-conducting support plate.
4. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the surface heating area comprises a uniform heating source in intimate or direct contact with an external wall of the reactor vessel.
5. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the reactor provides uniform heating characterized by a standard deviation of temperature distribution over the heated area less than 20° C.
6. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the reactor is configured to heat the precursor over a temperature range of 20 to 300° C.
7. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the plate-shaped reactor vessel comprises an aperture size in the range of 3 mm to 10 cm.
8. A reactor comprising:
a) a reactor vessel for containment of a precursor and a structured material, the reactor vessel comprising at least two planar heaters configured with even spacing having an aperture in the range of 3 mm to 10 cm and for uniform heating at a controllable rate less than 2° C./min of the precursor and the structured material, wherein a width and a length of the planar heater is at least three times the spacing; and
b) at least one removable cover configured to transport the structured material into and out of the reactor vessel,
wherein the reactor is configured for synthesis of a porous structured material in a solution by heating at a temperature less than 300° C.
9. The reactor of claim 8 , wherein the planar heater further comprises an electrical heating element, insulation, and a protective cover.
10. The reactor of claim 8 , wherein the planar heater further comprises an array of flow paths for thermal fluid on a thermally-conducting support plate.
11. The reactor of claim 8 , wherein the characteristic heat transfer dimension comprises the spacing between adjacent planar heaters.
12. The reactor of claim 8 , wherein the uniform heating is characterized by a standard deviation of less than 20° C. of a temperature distribution in a heated growth zone of the reactor.
13. The reactor of claim 8 , wherein the reactor is configured to heat the precursor over a temperature range of 20 to 300° C.