Functional surfaces for liquid crystal-based detection of chlorine gas
Liquid crystal-based devices for detecting chlorine in a sample and methods of using such devices to detect chlorine are disclosed. Such devices have a substrate surface that includes either metal cations or a metal that is in contact with a composition that includes a liquid crystal. When the device is contacted with a sample that contains chlorine, an observed change in the orientational ordering of the liquid crystal signals the presence of the chlorine. In the absence of chlorine, no change in orientational ordering occurs.
1. A device for detecting chlorine gas, the device comprising:
(a) a substrate having a surface comprising either:
(i) one or more metal cations capable of binding a liquid crystal strongly enough to cause homeotropic ordering of the liquid crystal in contact with the substrate surface and having an oxidized state that is not capable of binding the liquid crystal strongly enough to cause homeotropic ordering of a liquid crystal in contact with the substrate surface, wherein the one or more metal cations are capable of being oxidized to the oxidized state by chlorine gas, and wherein the one or more metal cations are not capable of being oxidized to the oxidized state by the oxygen in air; or
(ii) a metal capable of binding a mixture comprising a liquid crystal and a sensitizer molecule strongly enough to cause homeotropic ordering of such a mixture in contact with the substrate surface in the absence of chlorine, but not when chlorine atoms are dissociatively bound to the substrate surface; and
(b) a composition comprising a liquid crystal that is in contact with the substrate surface, wherein if the substrate surface comprises the metal, the composition further comprises the sensitizer molecule;
wherein the liquid crystal is capable of changing its orientational ordering when Cl 2 comes in contact with the substrate surface.
2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the substrate surface comprises the one or more metal cations, and wherein the one or more metal cations include Mn 2+ .
3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the substrate surface comprises the metal, and wherein the metal is gold.
4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the substrate surface comprises the metal, and wherein the sensitizer molecule comprises a carboxylic acid or carboxylate terminus.
5. The device of claim 4 , wherein the sensitizer molecule is a liquid crystal that is modified to include a carboxylic acid or carboxylate terminus.
6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of the sensitizer molecule within the composition comprising the liquid crystal is from about 0.001 mol % to about 5.0 mol % sensitizer molecule.
7. A method for detecting the presence of chlorine in a sample, the method comprising:
(a) contacting the liquid crystal in a device according to claim 1 with the sample; and
(b) observing the orientational ordering of the liquid crystal in the device;
wherein an observed change in the orientational ordering of the liquid crystal indicates that chlorine is present in the sample.
8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising quantifying the amount of chlorine in the sample, wherein the quantity of chlorine in the sample is correlated with the speed or extent of the observed change in orientational ordering.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the substrate surface of the device comprises the one or more metal cations, and wherein the one or more metal cations include Mn 2+ .
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein chlorine is detected, and wherein when the chlorine contacts the substrate surface, one or more Mn 2+ cations are oxidized to Mn 4+ cations.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the substrate surface of the device comprises a metal, and wherein the metal is gold.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the sensitizer molecule included in the composition of the device comprises a carboxylic acid or a carboxylate terminus.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the concentration of the sensitizer molecule within the composition comprising the liquid crystal is from about 0.001 mol % to about 5.0 mol % sensitizer molecule.
14. A method for detecting the presence of chlorine in a sample comprising:
(a) contacting a substrate surface with the sample, wherein the substrate surface comprises either:
one or more metal cations capable of binding a liquid crystal strongly enough to cause homeotropic ordering of the liquid crystal in contact with the substrate surface and having an oxidized state that is not capable of binding the liquid crystal strongly enough to cause homeotropic ordering of a liquid crystal in contact with the substrate surface, wherein the one or more metal cations are capable of being oxidized to the oxidized state by chlorine gas, and wherein the one or more metal cations are not capable of being oxidized to the oxidized state by the oxygen in air; or
(ii) a metal capable of binding a mixture comprising a liquid crystal and a sensitizer molecule strongly enough to cause homeotropic ordering of such a mixture in contact with the substrate surface in the absence of chlorine, but not when chlorine atoms are dissociatively bound to the substrate surface;
(b) contacting the substrate surface with a composition comprising a liquid crystal, wherein if the substrate surface comprises the metal, the composition further comprises a sensitizing agent; and
(c) observing the orientational ordering of the liquid crystal in the device;
wherein an observed change in the orientational ordering of the liquid crystal from the expected orientational ordering of the liquid crystal in the absence of chlorine indicates that chlorine is present in the sample.
15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising quantifying the amount of chlorine in the sample, wherein the quantity of chlorine in the sample is correlated with the speed or extent of the observed change in orientational ordering.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the substrate surface comprises the one or more metal cations, and wherein the one or more metal cations include Mn 2+ .
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein chlorine is detected, and wherein when the chlorine contacts the substrate surface, one or more Mn 2+ cations are oxidized to Mn 4+ cations.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the substrate surface comprises the metal, and wherein the metal is gold.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the sensitizer molecule comprises a carboxylic acid or a carboxylate terminus.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the concentration of the sensitizer molecule within the composition comprising the liquid crystal is from about 0.001 mol % to about 5.0 mol % sensitizer molecule.