Hydrophilic, yet slippery solid surfaces
In this work, a hydrophilic, yet slippery solid surface was developed. Because the surfaces are hydrophilic, there is significant affinity between the surface and contacting water, which results in substantial spreading of the contacting liquids on the surface. Due to their strong affinity, a high solid-liquid adhesion having virtually no mobility of the water on the surface occurs. However, counter-intuitively, the disclosed surfaces are highly slippery such that liquids can slide on the surface while maintaining their hydrophilicity. Demonstrated herein are water droplets that can slide on the surface under its own weight, when the hydrophilic, yet slippery solid surface is slightly tilted (ω=3°). This indicates that the disclosed hydrophilic surfaces are slippery to water.
1. A hydrophilic and slippery layer comprising an oxygen plasma treated substrate surface covalently bonded to polyethylene glycol brushes via O—Si bonds wherein the substrate surface and the polyethylene glycol brushes form the hydrophilic and slippery layer, the brushes have an inter-tether distance (D) of less than about 20 nanometers, and the surface of the hydrophilic and slippery layer has a root mean square surface roughness (R rms ) of less than about 10 nanometers.
2. The layer of claim 1 wherein the brushes are a moiety of Formula I:
wherein
R is —CH 3 or —CH 2 CH 3 ;
m is 0-2; and
n is 2-1000.
3. The layer of claim 2 wherein n is 6-9.
4. The layer of claim 1 wherein R rms is about 0.1 nanometers to about 0.3 nanometers.
5. The layer of claim 1 wherein the inter-tether distance is less than about 5 nanometers, and a liquid on the surface of the hydrophilic and slippery layer has a sliding angle of less than about 20 degrees.
6. The layer of claim 5 wherein the inter-tether distance is about 1 nanometer to about 3 nanometers.
7. The layer of claim 1 further comprising a hydration layer at the surface of the hydrophilic and slippery layer wherein a liquid on the surface of the hydrophilic and slippery layer has a sliding angle of less than about 15 degrees.
8. The layer of claim 7 wherein the liquid has a surface tension of more than about 30 mN m −1 .
9. The layer of claim 1 wherein a liquid on the surface of the hydrophilic and slippery layer has a contact angle, sliding angle, or a combination thereof that varies less than about 20% at a relative humidity of about 5% or more.
10. The layer of claim 1 wherein the surface of the hydrophilic and slippery layer resists adsorption or adhesion of a contaminant for about 1 hour or more of exposure to the contaminant.
11. The layer of claim 10 wherein the contaminant comprises a protein.
12. The layer of claim 1 wherein the surface of the hydrophilic and slippery layer is self-lubricating.
13. The layer of claim 1 wherein the hydrophilic and slippery layer is about 60% to about 100% transparent to visible light.
14. A method of forming a hydrophilic and slippery surface comprising the hydrophilic and slippery layer of claim 1 comprising:
a) immersing a substrate having a hydroxylated surface in a solution consisting essentially of a PEG silane for a sufficient amount of time to covalently bond the PEG silane to the hydroxylated surface to form PEG brushes on the substrate; and
b) washing the PEG brushes with water to remove excess PEG silane, thereby providing a hydrophilic and slippery surface that has a root mean square surface roughness (R rms ) of less than about 10 nanometers;
wherein the hydroxylated surface is covalently bonded to the PEG brushes via O—Si bonds, and the PEG brushes have an inter-tether distance (D) of less than about 20 nanometers.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the poly(ethylene glycol)silane is grafted to the substrate.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the poly(ethylene glycol)silane is a 2-[methoxy (polyethyleneoxy)6-9propyl]trialkoxysilane.
17. The method of claim 14 wherein the hydrophilic and slippery surface has a root mean square surface roughness (R rms ) of about 0.1 nanometers to about 0.3 nanometers.
18. The method of claim 14 wherein the maximum inter-tether distance (D) is less than about 3 nanometers.
19. The method of claim 14 wherein a drop of water on the hydrophilic and slippery surface has a sliding angle (ω) of less than about 10 degrees.
20. A composition comprising the hydrophilic and slippery layer according to claim 1 and a substrate comprising a biomedical implant or device.
21. A method of transferring heat comprising:
a) condensing an aqueous substance on the surface of the hydrophilic and slippery layer according to claim 1 , wherein the condensed aqueous substance forms droplets on the surface of the hydrophilic and slippery layer; and
b) removing the droplets under an accelerating force;
wherein the droplets are removed by sliding off the surface of the hydrophilic and slippery layer thereby transferring heat away from the aqueous substance.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the removal rate of the droplets on the surface of the hydrophilic and slippery layer is faster in comparison to the removal rate of aqueous droplets formed by condensing on hydrophobic and slippery surface, wherein the corresponding coefficient of heat transfer (h) for the surface of the hydrophilic and slippery layer is thereby higher than h for the hydrophobic and slippery surface, and wherein the accelerating force is the same for the comparison.