Influenza vaccines
An influenza vaccine comprising an influenza hemagglutinin-containing antigen which is subjected to a treatment at a suitable low pH or other suitable conditions to obtain a suitable degree of loss of potency, and the method of making it are provided. The vaccine not only induces an increased cross-reactive immune response and cross protection, but can also induce a strain-specific immune response and protection like current inactivated vaccines. A method of administering influenza vaccines is also provided to induce an increased cross-reactive immune response and cross protection, which is especially suitable for use in emergency situations such as a pandemic.
1. A method of producing an inactivated influenza vaccine with an ability to induce increased cross-reactive immune response and cross protection, the method comprising the steps of: (a) providing at least one influenza hemagglutinin-containing antigen and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; (b) subjecting said antigen to treatment at a pH at or below 6.8 and a temperature below 37° C. to obtain a loss of potency of less than 100%; and (c) inactivating said antigen with a chemical agent either before or after said treatment thereby producing a vaccine that increases cross-reactive immune response and cross protection; (d) testing the vaccine for the ability to induce an increased cross-reactive immune response and cross protection; and e) determining that said vaccine has the ability to induce an increased cross-reactive immune response and cross-protection.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said vaccine comprises at least two said antigens selected from a group comprising H1 and H3 subtypes of influenza A virus.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said vaccine comprises at least three said antigens selected from a group comprising at least two clades from phylogenetic group I and at least one clade from phylogenetic group II, wherein each said antigen is selected from a separate clade.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said antigen is a live virus, and said live virus is inactivated after said treatment.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said pH ranges from 3.0 to 6.8.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said treatment is conducted at a temperature of 2-8° C.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said treatment is conducted at a temperature of 0-25° C.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said antigen exhibits no or less than 2-fold reduction in hemagglutination activity after said treatment.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said loss of potency ranges from 1 to less than 100%.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said loss of potency ranges from 10 to 50%.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein said treatment is conducted at a temperature of 0-25° C.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein said loss of potency is correlated with antigenic or structural changes of said antigen.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein said vaccine induces an increased immune response against HA2 as compared to untreated antigen.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein said vaccine is formulated for induction of a strain-specific immune response and protection.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein said vaccine further comprises an adjuvant.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chemical agent is selected from a group comprising formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, beta-propiolactone, and Triton X-100.
17. A method of producing a recombinant influenza vaccine for induction of an increased cross-reactive immune response and cross-protection against influenza virus comprising providing at least one influenza hemagglutinin-containing antigen and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein said antigen is subjected to treatment at a pH at or below 6.8 and a temperature below 37° C. to obtain a loss of potency of less than 100%, thereby producing the vaccine, testing the vaccine for the ability to induce an increased cross-reactive immune response and cross protection and determining that said vaccine has the ability to induce an increased cross-reactive immune response and cross-protection.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein said vaccine induces an increased immune response against HA2 as compared to untreated antigen.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein said vaccine is formulated for induction of a strain-specific immune response and protection.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein said vaccine further comprises an adjuvant.
21. The method of claim 17 , wherein the recombinant influenza vaccine is not inactivated.
22. A method of vaccinating a subject, the method comprising providing the vaccine produced by the method comprising the steps of (a) providing at least one influenza hemagglutinin-containing antigen and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; (b) subjecting said antigen to treatment at a pH at or below 6.8 and a temperature below 37° C. to obtain a loss of potency of less than 100%; (c) inactivating said antigen with a chemical agent either before or after said treatment, thereby producing a vaccine with increased cross-reactive immune response and cross protection; and administering the said vaccine to the subject.
23. A method of vaccinating a subject, the method comprising providing the vaccine produced by the method of claim 17 to the subject.
24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the vaccine is tested for its ability to induce an increased cross-reactive immune response and cross-protection against influenza virus; and determined to have that ability, before it is administered to the subject.