Repulsive-force electrostatic actuator

1. A repulsive-force electrostatic actuator, comprising:

a first actuator layer comprising:

a first substrate of a first dielectric material having a first transverse thickness and two opposing surfaces,

a first electrode pattern at least one of attached to or formed on one of said two opposing surfaces of said first substrate, and

a second electrode pattern at least one of attached to or formed on the other one of said two opposing surfaces of said first substrate so as to be on an opposing side with respect to said first electrode pattern,

wherein said first and second electrode patterns are substantially a same pattern, and

wherein said first and second electrode patterns are substantially aligned with each other in a direction of said first transverse thickness on said two opposing surfaces of said first substrate;

a second actuator layer spaced apart from said first actuator layer with at least one of a vacuum, air, a gas or a dielectric material therebetween, said second actuator layer comprising:

a second substrate of a second dielectric material having a second transverse thickness and two opposing surfaces,

a third electrode pattern at least one of attached to or formed on one of said two opposing surfaces of said second substrate, and

a fourth electrode pattern at least one of attached to or formed on the other one of said two opposing surfaces of said second substrate so as to be on an opposing side with respect to said third electrode pattern,

wherein said third and fourth electrode patterns are substantially the same pattern of said first and second electrode patterns, and

wherein said third and fourth electrode patterns are substantially aligned with each other in a direction of said second transverse thickness on said two opposing surfaces of said second substrate;

at least one voltage source connected to said first, second, third and fourth electrode patterns such that, during operation, each is entirely at a common voltage across the corresponding electrode pattern, said first electrode pattern is at an opposite voltage relative to said second electrode pattern, said third electrode pattern is at an opposite voltage relative to said fourth electrode pattern, and said first and second actuator layers are arranged to have a repulsive electrostatic force therebetween during operation; and

an actuator frame connected to said first and second actuator layers such that at least a portion of at least one of said first and second actuator layers is movable due to an applied voltage to effect motion to an object at least one of attached to or in mechanical connection to said repulsive-force electrostatic actuator when in operation.

2. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 1 , wherein said first and second substrates are each at least one of a thin film or a sheet of a first dielectric material and a second dielectric material, respectively.

3. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 1 , wherein said first and second dielectric materials are each selected from at least one of a polyimide or biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate.

4. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 1 , wherein said first and second dielectric materials are the same dielectric material.

5. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 4 , wherein said first and second dielectric materials are both poly (4,4′-oxydiphenylene-pyromellitimide).

6. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 1 , wherein said actuator frame is connected to said first and second actuator layers such that one edge thereof is held relatively fixed and an opposite edge is free to move with a cantilever motion.

7. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 1 , wherein said actuator frame is connected to said first and second actuator layers such that said at least one of said first and second actuator layers moves in a direction substantially orthogonal to said two opposing surfaces of said first and second substrates to provide substantially translational motion in operation while said first and second substrates remain substantially parallel to each other.

8. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one voltage source is a high-voltage source capable of providing a voltage of at least 1 kV.

9. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one voltage source is a high-voltage source capable of providing a voltage of between 1 kV to 5 kV.

10. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 1 , wherein said first, second, third and fourth electrode patterns each comprises a plurality of substantially parallel rectangular electrode portions interconnected by a substantially rectangular electrode portion.

11. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 1 , wherein said first, second, third and fourth electrode patterns are each substantially a fractal electrode pattern.

12. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 1 , wherein a width of said first electrode pattern in a direction perpendicular to said first transverse thickness is greater than a width of said second electrode pattern in said direction perpendicular to said first transverse thickness, and

wherein a width of said third electrode pattern in a direction perpendicular to said second transverse thickness is less than a width of said fourth electrode pattern in said direction perpendicular to said second transverse thickness.

13. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 1 , wherein said second electrode pattern opposes and is spaced apart from said third electrode pattern with at least one of a vacuum, air, a gas or a dielectric material therebetween, and

wherein said opposing second electrode pattern and third electrode pattern are contained within a projection of said first electrode pattern and said fourth electrode pattern.

14. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 1 , further comprising:

a third actuator layer spaced apart from said first and second actuator layers with at least one of a vacuum, air, a gas or a dielectric material therebetween, said third actuator layer comprising:

a third substrate of a third dielectric material having a transverse thickness and two opposing surfaces,

a fifth electrode pattern at least one of attached to or formed on one of said two opposing surfaces of said third substrate, and

a sixth electrode pattern at least one of attached to or formed on the other one of said two opposing surfaces of said third substrate so as to be on an opposing side with respect to said fifth electrode pattern,

wherein said fifth and sixth electrode patterns are substantially the same pattern of said first and second electrode patterns, and

wherein said fifth and sixth electrode patterns are substantially aligned with each other in a direction of said transverse thickness on said two opposing surfaces of said third substrate,

wherein said at least one voltage source is further connected to said fifth and sixth electrode patterns such that, during operation, each is entirely at a common voltage across the corresponding electrode pattern, said fifth electrode pattern is at an opposite voltage relative to said sixth electrode pattern, and said first, second and third actuator layers are arranged to have repulsive electrostatic force with a closest one of said first, second and third actuator layers; and

wherein said actuator frame is further connected to said third actuator layer such that at least a portion of at least one of said first, second and third actuator layers is movable due to an applied voltage to effect motion to an object at least one of attached to or in mechanical connection to said repulsive-force electrostatic actuator.

15. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 14 , wherein said fifth and sixth electrode patterns each comprises a plurality of substantially parallel rectangular electrode portions interconnected by a substantially rectangular electrode portion.

16. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 14 , wherein said fifth and sixth electrode patterns are each substantially a fractal electrode pattern.

17. The repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 14 , said repulsive-force electrostatic actuator comprising four or more actuator layers, each actuator layer being spaced apart from an adjacent actuator layer, each actuator layer having an electrode pattern at an opposite voltage relative an electrode pattern of said adjacent actuator layer, and each actuator layer being arranged to have repulsive electrostatic force with said adjacent actuator layer.

18. A steerable optical component, comprising:

an optical component attached to an assembly which allows motion in at least one degree of freedom; and

repulsive-force electrostatic actuator according to claim 1 arranged in mechanical connection with said optical component.

19. A surface coating comprising a plurality of repulsive-force electrostatic actuators according to claim 1 arranged in an array to control interaction of at least one of a fluid or electromagnetic radiation interactions with a surface coated therewith.

20. A robotic device comprising a plurality of repulsive-force electrostatic actuators according to claim 1 arranged to effect motion of said robotic device.

21. A biological cell growth device comprising a plurality of repulsive-force electrostatic actuators according to claim 1 arranged to effect motion of biological cells being grown or maintain therein.