Millimeter wave automotive radar systems
A radar sensing system includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter is configured for installation and use in a vehicle and configured to transmit radio signals. The receiver is configured for installation and use in the vehicle and configured to receive radio signals that include the transmitted radio signals transmitted by the transmitter and reflected from objects in an environment. The receiver includes a plurality of inputs and a plurality of low noise amplifiers (LNAs). Each input of the plurality of inputs is communicatively coupled to a corresponding LNA of the plurality of LNAs. The plurality of LNAs are co-located, and respective outputs of the plurality of LNAs are all directly coupled together at a connection point.
1. A radar sensing system for a vehicle, the radar sensing system comprising:
a transmitter configured for installation and use in a vehicle, and configured to transmit radio signals;
a receiver configured for installation and use in the vehicle and comprising a plurality of antennas, and configured to receive via the antennas, radio signals that include the transmitted radio signals transmitted by the transmitter and reflected from objects in an environment, wherein the plurality of antennas comprises a first antenna and a second antenna;
wherein the receiver comprises a plurality of inputs and a plurality of individually arranged low noise amplifiers (LNAs), wherein each input of the plurality of inputs is an antenna output from a respective antenna of the plurality of antennas, wherein each input of the plurality of inputs is communicatively coupled to a corresponding LNA of the plurality of LNAs, such that an antenna output from the first antenna is coupled to a first LNA via a first impedance matching transformer of a plurality of impedance matching transformers and an antenna output from the second antenna is coupled to a second LNA via a second impedance matching transformer of the plurality of impedance matching transformers, wherein each of the plurality of impedance matching transformers is configured to receive a current sink input as an activation control signal, wherein each respective antenna output is at least a portion of the received radio signals, such that a respective portion of the received radio signals is coupled to each corresponding LNA of the plurality of LNAs, and
wherein the individually arranged first LNA and second LNA are co-located, wherein the first LNA and the second LNA are individually activated such that the respective portions of the received radio signals received at the first LNA and the second LNA are isolated from each other, wherein the first LNA and the second LNA are configured such that an activation of a particular LNA of the first LNA and the second LNA selects for processing a corresponding portion of the received radio signals received at the activated LNA, and further such that a deactivation of a particular LNA of the first LNA and the second LNA isolates a corresponding portion of the received radio signals received at the deactivated LNA, and wherein respective outputs of the first LNA and the second LNA are directly coupled together at a connection point.
2. The radar sensing system of claim 1 , wherein each LNA of the plurality of LNAs is an active gain stage.
3. The radar sensing system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of impedance matching transformers is positioned between the plurality of inputs and the plurality of LNAs such that each input of the plurality of inputs is communicatively coupled to a corresponding LNA of the plurality of LNAs via a corresponding impedance matching transformer of the plurality of impedance matching transformers.
4. The radar sensing system of claim 3 further comprising another impedance matching transformer directly coupled to the connection point.
5. The radar sensing system of claim 4 , wherein at least one of the impedance matching transformers is a trifilar planar integrated transformer.
6. The radar sensing system of claim 4 , wherein the another impedance matching transformer is arranged adjacent to the plurality of LNAs.
7. The radar sensing system of claim 4 , wherein the plurality of impedance matching transformers, the LNAs, and the another impedance matching transformer are arranged symmetrically with respect to the connection point.
8. The radar sensing system of claim 1 , wherein each LNA of the plurality of LNAs is configured to individually activate and deactivate as defined by a respective activation control signal, such that each LNA of the plurality of LNAs is selectively activated while a respective activation-input control signal is received, wherein a deactivated LNA has both forward-direction scattering parameter S21 and reverse-direction scattering parameter S12 minimized such that an input of the plurality of inputs that is coupled to the deactivated LNA is isolated from other simultaneously received inputs of the plurality of inputs.
9. The radar sensing system of claim 8 further comprising a plurality of shunting devices, wherein respective shunting devices of the plurality of shunting devices are coupled to respective inputs of the plurality of inputs, and are configured to further reduce the magnitude of the S12 when each LNA of the plurality of LNAs is deactivated.
10. The radar sensing system of claim 1 , wherein each LNA of the plurality of LNAs comprise a pair of cross-coupled neutralization capacitors configured to cancel out input differential capacitance.
11. The radar sensing system of claim 1 , wherein the transmitter is a millimeter wave transmitter, wherein the receiver is a millimeter wave receiver, and wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit phase-modulated radio signals.
12. The radar sensing system of claim 1 , wherein the first antenna and the second antenna are configured to provide different receiver antenna profiles to the receiver.
13. A radar sensing system for a vehicle, the radar sensing system comprising:
a plurality of transmitters configured for installation and use in a vehicle, and configured to transmit radio signals;
a plurality of receivers configured for installation and use in the vehicle, wherein each of the plurality of receivers comprises a respective plurality of antennas, and wherein each of the plurality of receivers is configured to receive via respective pluralities of antennas, radio signals that include the transmitted radio signals transmitted by the transmitters and reflected from objects in an environment;
wherein a first receiver of the plurality of receivers comprises first and second antenna outputs and first and second low noise amplifiers (LNAs), wherein the first and second LNAs are individually arranged, wherein the first and second antenna outputs are from corresponding first and second antennas of the first receiver's plurality of antennas, wherein the first and second antenna outputs are communicatively coupled to the corresponding first and second LNAs, respectively via corresponding first and second impedance matching transformers of a plurality of impedance matching transformers, wherein each of the plurality of impedance matching transformers is configured to receive a current sink input as an activation control signal, wherein each respective antenna output of the first and second antenna outputs is at least a portion of the received radio signals, such that respective portions of the received radio signals are coupled to the first and second LNAs, respectively, and
wherein the individually arranged first and second LNAs are co-located, wherein respective outputs of the first and second LNAs are directly coupled together at a connection point, wherein the first and second LNAs are individually activated such that the respective portions of the received radio signals received at respective LNAs of the first and second LNAs are isolated from each other, wherein the first and second LNAs are configured such that an activation of a particular LNA of the first and second LNAs selects for processing a corresponding portion of the received radio signals received at the activated LNA, and further such that a deactivation of a particular LNA of the first and second LNAs isolates a corresponding portion of the received radio signals received at the deactivated LNA, and wherein the first and second antenna outputs, and the first and second LNAs are symmetrically arranged around the connection point.
14. The radar sensing system of claim 13 , wherein the first and second LNAs are each active gain stages.
15. The radar sensing system of claim 13 further comprising a third impedance matching transformer of the plurality of impedance matching transformers directly coupled to the connection point.
16. The radar sensing system of claim 15 , wherein at least one of the first, second, and third impedance matching transformers is a trifilar planar integrated transformer.
17. The radar sensing system of claim 15 , wherein the third impedance matching transformer is arranged adjacent to the first and second LNAs.
18. The radar sensing system of claim 13 , wherein the first and second LNAs are configured to individually activate and deactivate as defined by respective activation control signals, such that each of the first and second LNAs are selectively activated while a respective activation control signal is received, wherein a deactivated LNA comprises both a forward-direction scattering parameter S21 and a reverse-direction scattering parameter S12 minimized such that the antenna coupled to the deactivated LNA is isolated from other antenna outputs.
19. The radar sensing system of claim 18 further comprising first and second shunting devices, wherein the first and second shunting devices are coupled to the first and second antenna outputs, respectively, and configured to further reduce the magnitude of the S12 when one of the first and second LNAs is deactivated.