Circuit for multi-path interference mitigation in an optical communication system
A circuit and method for mitigating multi-path interference in direct detection optical systems is provided. Samples of an optical signal having a pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) E-field are processed by generating a PAM level for each sample. For each sample, the sample is subtracted from the respective PAM level to generate a corresponding error sample. The error samples are lowpass filtered to produce estimates of multi-path interference (MPI). For each sample, one of the estimates of MPI is combined with the sample to produce an interference-mitigated sample.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a slicer that,
receives a plurality of samples of an optical signal having a pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) E-field, and
estimates a PAM level of a sample in the plurality of samples;
a subtractor that generates an error sample by subtracting the sample from the estimated PAM level;
a low-pass filter that filters the error sample for the sample and error samples for the other samples in the plurality of samples to produce estimates of multi-path interference (MPI); and
a combiner that combines one of the estimates of MPI with the sample to produce an interference-mitigated sample.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the subtractor is a first subtractor.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the first subtractor subtracts the sample from the estimated PAM level to generate a corresponding error sample.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the combiner is a second subtractor that combines one of the estimates of multi-path interference with the sample to produce an interference-mitigated sample by subtracting the estimate from the sample to produce the interference-mitigated sample.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the combiner is a first subtractor.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the first subtractor is a level-dependent subtractor that, for a given sample, combines one of the estimates of MPI with the sample to produce an interference-mitigated sample by producing a weighted estimate by multiplying the one of the estimates of MPI producing a weighted estimate by multiplying the one of the estimates of MPI with a value proportional to a respective PAM level modulating the E-field estimated from the sample, and subtracting the weighted estimate from the sample to produce the MPI-mitigated sample.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the subtractor is a second subtractor that subtracts the sample from the estimated PAM level to generate a corresponding error sample.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the low-pass filter comprises
a fixed block average component that determines an average of the error samples for a block of samples;
wherein the average is used as the estimate of MPI that is combined with each sample in the block of samples.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the block of samples comprises consecutive samples.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising:
a size of the block of consecutive samples is configured as a function of transmitter coherence.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the low-pass filter comprises:
a moving window average component that determines, for each sample, an average of the error samples for a respective block of error samples defined by a moving window, wherein the average is used as the estimate of MPI that is combined with the sample.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the block of samples comprises consecutive samples.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising:
a size of the block of consecutive samples is configured as a function of transmitter coherence.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 configured to operate at a baud rate of greater than 25 GBaud, in which the low-pass filter operates to filter frequencies below 100 MHz.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 configured to operate at a baud rate of greater than 25 GBaud, in which the low-pass filter operates to filter frequencies below 10 MHz.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
a delay element that delays the sample before combining to account for a delay in determining the one of the estimates of MPI.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
a direct detection receiver that direct detects the optical signal to produce a direct detection output;
an analog to digital convertor that performs analog to digital conversion on the direct detection output to generate raw samples;
an equalizer that equalizes the raw samples to produce the plurality of samples.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
an interference component estimator that estimates at least one interference component by estimating a respective delay and respective amplitude for each interference component;
wherein for each sample, the combiner combines the estimate of MPI and the estimated at least one electrical interference component with the sample;
a PAM decision slicer that performs PAM decision slicing for each interference-mitigated sample.
19. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
a PAM decision slicer that performs PAM decision slicing for each interference-mitigated sample.