Chromium (III) catalyst systems with activator-supports
Methods for preparing supported chromium catalysts containing a chromium (III) compound and an activator-support are disclosed. These supported chromium catalysts can be used in catalyst compositions for the polymerization of olefins to produce polymers having low levels of long chain branching, and with greater sensitivity to the presence of hydrogen during polymerization.
1. A catalyst composition comprising:
a supported chromium catalyst comprising (a) a chromium (III) compound, or a derivative thereof; and (b) an activator-support comprising a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion; and
a co-catalyst; wherein:
the chromium (III) compound comprises chromium (III) formate, chromium (III) acetate, chromium (III) propionate, chromium (III) butyrate, chromium (III) pentanoate, chromium (III) neopentanoate, chromium (III) hexanoate, chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate, chromium (III) benzoate, chromium (III) naphthenate, chromium (III) oleate, chromium (III) oxalate, chromium (III) acetylacetonate, chromium (III) stearate, chromium (III) laurate, a derivative thereof, or any combination thereof; and
the activator-support comprises a fluorided solid oxide and/or a sulfated solid oxide.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the co-catalyst comprises an aluminoxane co-catalyst.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein:
the activator-support comprises sulfated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, fluorided silica-coated alumina, or any combination thereof; and
the co-catalyst comprises trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tri-n-propylaluminum, tri-n-butylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-n-hexylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diethylaluminum chloride, or any combination thereof.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst composition is characterized by a catalyst activity greater than 500 grams of ethylene polymer per gram of supported chromium catalyst per hour, under slurry polymerization conditions, using isobutane as a diluent, with an organoaluminum:chromium molar ratio of 100:1, and with a polymerization temperature of 100° C. and a reactor pressure of 550 psig.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein a molar ratio of co-catalyst:chromium is in a range from about 1:1 to about 1000:1.
6. The composition of claim 5 , wherein:
a weight percentage of chromium, based on a weight of the activator-support, is in a range from about 0.1 to about 10 wt %; and
a weight percentage of the electron-withdrawing anion, based on a weight of the activator-support, is in a range from about 1 to about 25 wt %.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein:
a weight percentage of chromium, based on a weight of the activator-support, is in a range from about 0.25 to about 5 wt %; and
a weight percentage of the electron-withdrawing anion, based on a weight of the activator-support, is in a range from about 2 to about 15 wt %.
8. A process to produce a supported chromium catalyst, the process comprising:
(i) combining a chromium (III) compound with an activator-support comprising a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion to form a mixture; and
(ii) subjecting the mixture to a non-oxidizing atmosphere at a peak temperature to produce the supported chromium catalyst, wherein:
the chromium (III) compound comprises chromium (III) formate, chromium (III) acetate, chromium (III) propionate, chromium (III) butyrate, chromium (III) pentanoate, chromium (III) neopentanoate, chromium (III) hexanoate, chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate, chromium (III) benzoate, chromium (III) naphthenate, chromium (III) oleate, chromium (III) oxalate, chromium (III) acetylacetonate, chromium (III) stearate, chromium (III) laurate, or any combination thereof; and
the activator-support comprises fluorided alumina, chlorided alumina, bromided alumina, sulfated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, chlorided silica-alumina, bromided silica-alumina, sulfated silica-alumina, fluorided silica-zirconia, chlorided silica-zirconia, bromided silica-zirconia, sulfated silica-zirconia, fluorided silica-titania, fluorided silica-coated alumina, sulfated silica-coated alumina, phosphated silica-coated alumina, or any combination thereof.
9. The process of claim 8 , wherein the peak temperature is in a range from about 25° C. to about 600° C.
10. The process of claim 8 , wherein the non-oxidizing atmosphere is an inert atmosphere.
11. The process of claim 8 , wherein:
step (i) comprises dry mixing the activator-support with the chromium (III) compound, and step (ii) comprises subjecting the mixture to the non-oxidizing atmosphere at a peak temperature sufficient for at least a portion of the chromium (III) compound to sublime or vaporize and impregnate the activator-support; or
step (i) comprises mixing the activator-support with the chromium (III) compound in a solvent, and step (ii) comprises subjecting the mixture to the non-oxidizing atmosphere at a peak temperature sufficient to remove the solvent.
12. The process of claim 8 , wherein:
the chromium (III) compound comprises chromium (III) acetylacetonate; and
the activator-support comprises sulfated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, fluorided silica-coated alumina, or any combination thereof.
13. The process of claim 8 , wherein:
a weight percentage of chromium, based on the weight of the activator-support, is in a range from about 0.25 to about 5 wt %; and
a weight percentage of the electron-withdrawing anion, based on the weight of the activator-support, is in a range from about 2 to about 15 wt %.
14. The process of claim 8 , wherein:
the peak temperature is in a range from about 100° C. to about 350° C.; and
the non-oxidizing atmosphere is an inert atmosphere.
15. The process of claim 14 , wherein:
a weight percentage of chromium, based on a weight of the activator-support, is in a range from about 0.25 to about 5 wt %; and
a weight percentage of the electron-withdrawing anion, based on a weight of the activator-support, is in a range from about 2 to about 15 wt %.
16. The process of claim 15 , wherein step (i) comprises dry mixing the activator-support with the chromium (III) compound.
17. A supported chromium catalyst produced by the process of claim 8 .
18. A process to produce a supported chromium catalyst, the process comprising:
(i) combining a chromium (III) compound with an activator-support comprising a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion to form a mixture; and
(ii) subjecting the mixture to a non-oxidizing atmosphere at a peak temperature in a range from about 25° C. to about 600° C. to produce the supported chromium catalyst, wherein:
the chromium (III) compound comprises chromium (III) acetylacetonate; and
the activator-support comprises a fluorided solid oxide and/or a sulfated solid oxide.
19. The process of claim 18 , wherein the non-oxidizing atmosphere is an inert atmosphere.
20. The process of claim 19 , wherein:
the peak temperature is in a range from about 100° C. to about 350° C.;
a weight percentage of chromium, based on a weight of the activator-support, is in a range from about 0.1 to about 10 wt %; and
a weight percentage of the electron-withdrawing anion, based on a weight of the activator-support, is in a range from about 1 to about 25 wt %.
21. An ethylene polymer having:
a Mw in a range from about 400,000 to about 1,000,000 g/mol;
a ratio of Mw/Mn of greater than or equal to about 50; and
a relaxation time of less than or equal to about 100 sec;
wherein the ethylene polymer has a number of short chain branches per 1000 total carbon atoms that is greater at Mn than at Mw.
22. The ethylene polymer of claim 21 , wherein the ethylene polymer has:
a Mw in a range from about 400,000 to about 900,000 g/mol;
a ratio of Mw/Mn in a range from about 50 to about 150; and
less than or equal to about 0.001 LCB per 1000 total carbon atoms.
23. The ethylene polymer of claim 22 , wherein the ethylene polymer:
has a Mn in a range from about 4,000 to about 15,000 g/mol;
has a HLMI of less than or equal to about 3 g/10 min; and
comprises an ethylene homopolymer, an ethylene/1-butene copolymer, an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, an ethylene/1-octene copolymer, or any combination thereof.
24. An article of manufacture comprising the ethylene polymer of claim 23 .
25. The ethylene polymer of claim 21 , wherein the ethylene polymer has:
a ratio of Mw/Mn in a range from about 70 to about 200;
a ratio of Mz/Mw in a range from about 2 to about 6; and
a HLMI of less than or equal to about 5 g/10 min.
26. The ethylene polymer of claim 25 , wherein:
the ratio of Mw/Mn is in a range from about 70 to about 150;
the relaxation time is in a range from about 20 to about 85 sec; and
the ethylene polymer comprises an ethylene homopolymer, an ethylene/1-butene copolymer, an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, an ethylene/1-octene copolymer, or any combination thereof.
27. An article of manufacture comprising the ethylene polymer of claim 26 .
28. The ethylene polymer of claim 21 , wherein:
the ethylene polymer has a number of short chain branches per 1000 total carbon atoms that is greater at Mn than at Mz;
the ratio of Mw/Mn is in a range from about 50 to about 150; and
the relaxation time is in a range from about 20 to about 100 sec.
29. The ethylene polymer of claim 21 , wherein the ethylene polymer is an ethylene homopolymer, an ethylene/1-butene copolymer, an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, or an ethylene/1-octene copolymer.
30. An ethylene polymer having:
a Mw in a range from about 400,000 to about 1,000,000 g/mol;
a ratio of Mw/Mn in a range from about 70 to about 200;
a ratio of Mz/Mw in a range from about 2 to about 6;
a HLMI of less than or equal to about 5 g/10 min; and
a relaxation time of less than or equal to about 100 sec.
31. The ethylene polymer of claim 30 , wherein the ethylene polymer comprises an ethylene homopolymer, an ethylene/1-butene copolymer, an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, an ethylene/1-octene copolymer, or any combination thereof.
32. The ethylene polymer of claim 31 , wherein:
the ratio of Mw/Mn is in a range from about 70 to about 150;
the HLMI is less than or equal to about 3 g/10 min; and
the relaxation time is in a range from about 20 to about 85 sec.
33. The ethylene polymer of claim 31 , wherein the ethylene polymer is further characterized by:
a Mn in a range from about 4,000 to about 15,000 g/mol; and
less than or equal to about 0.002 LCB per 1000 total carbon atoms.
34. An article of manufacture comprising the ethylene polymer of claim 31 .