Method of forming an optical device by laser scanning
A method of forming an optical device in a body ( 32 ), comprises performing a plurality of laser scans ( 34,36 ) to form the optical device, each scan comprising relative movement of a laser beam and the body thereby to scan the laser beam along a respective path ( 34 a, 34 b 34 f; 36 a, 36 b 36 f ) through the body to alter the refractive index of material of that path, wherein the paths are arranged to provide in combination a route for propagation of light through the optical device in operation that is larger in a direction substantially perpendicular to the route for propagation of light than any one of the paths individually.
1. A method of forming an optical device in a body, comprising:
performing a plurality of laser scans to form the optical device, each scan comprising relative movement of a laser beam and the body thereby to scan the laser beam along a respective path through the body to alter the refractive index of material of that path,
wherein the paths are arranged to provide in combination a route for propagation of light through the optical device in operation that is larger in a direction substantially perpendicular to the route for propagation of light than any one of the paths individually;
wherein the laser beam comprises a pulse train and the method further comprises receiving a trigger signal from a sample stage for determining a relative positioning of a focal region of the laser beam within the body and using the trigger signal from the sample stage to synchronize a modulator for modulating the pulse train whilst the body or laser beam is translated to provide a change in at least one property of the pulse train based on position along the propagation direction thereby to provide a variation of refractive index with position along the propagation direction.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein each path is offset in a direction substantially perpendicular to the path direction or propagation direction from at least one other of the paths.
3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein for each of the scans, the path scanned by the laser beam abuts or at least partially overlaps at least one of the other paths.
4. A method according to claim 1 , further comprising selecting the location of each path and/or selecting at least one property of the laser beam to provide an optical device having at least one desired property.
5. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the optical device comprises a waveguide.
6. A method according to claim 1 , further comprising controlling the laser beam for each of the paths to provide a variation of refractive index with position along the propagation direction.
7. A method according to claim 6 , wherein the variation in refractive index for the paths is such as to form a grating structure.
8. A method according to claim 6 , wherein the variation of refractive index with position is substantially the same for one of the paths as for at least one other of the paths.
9. A method according to claim 6 , wherein for at least one path the variation of refractive index with position along the propagation direction is offset, in comparison to the variation in refractive index with position along the propagation direction for at least one other path.
10. A method according to claim 6 , wherein the variation in refractive index is such as to form a tilted grating structure.
11. A method of forming on optical system in a body comprising forming a plurality of optical devices in the body, each optical device being formed using a method according to claim 1 .
12. A method according to claim 11 , comprising forming the devices such that in operation at least a portion of one of the devices is coupled to at least one waveguide.
13. A method according to claim 11 , wherein the system comprises a plurality of waveguides that, in operation, are evanescently coupled.
14. A method according to claim 11 , wherein the method comprises forming one of the devices to include a grating structure and to form another of the devices to include a further grating structure and/or a waveguide, and the devices are arranged so that in operation the grating structure is coupled to the further grating structure or the waveguide.
15. A method according to claim 11 , comprising forming a grating coupler system.
16. A method according to claim 11 , wherein the method comprises forming a plurality of cascaded grating coupler devices.
17. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one property of the pulse train that changes by the triggering of the modulator comprises at least one of the pulse amplitude, pulse duration, pulse separation, frequency.
18. A method according to claim 1 , further comprising using the trigger signal from the sample stage to synchronize the modulator thereby to control relative positioning of a focal region of the laser beam within the body between successive scans.