Nitride stabilized core/shell nanoparticles
Nitride stabilized metal (M or Pt(M)) nanoparticles and methods for their manufacture are disclosed. In one embodiment the metal nanoparticles have a nonporous noble metal shell with a nitride-stabilized non-noble metal core. The nitride-stabilized core provides a stabilizing effect under high oxidizing conditions suppressing the noble metal dissolution during potential cycling. Introduction of nitrogen into the core by annealing produces metal nitride(s) that are less susceptible to dissolution during potential cycling under high oxidizing conditions.
1. A nitride stabilized catalyst nanoparticle comprising:
a non-noble metal solid solution core, and
a noble metal shell surrounding the non-noble metal solid solution core;
wherein the non-noble metal solid solution core comprises a nitride of a non-noble metal selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and mixtures thereof; and
wherein the non-noble metal solid solution core comprises residual noble metal comprising the same noble metal of the noble metal shell.
2. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 1 wherein the nitride of the non-no metal is present in the core in amount between about 20 to 100% wt-%.
3. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 1 wherein the nitride of the non-noble metal is present in the core in amount between about 30 to 100% wt-%.
4. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 1 wherein the nitride of the non-noble metal is present in the core in amount between about 30 to 80 wt-%.
5. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 1 wherein the residual noble metal in the core and the noble metal of the noble metal shell are both Pt.
6. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle is substantially spherical with an external diameter of less than 20 nm.
7. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst narioparticle is a nanowire, and the nanowire has a length of 20-200 nm and aspect ratio of 5-50.
8. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein, the noble metal shell has a thickness of between 0.27 nm and 3.24 nm.
9. The catalyst narioparticle of claim 1 , wherein the noble metal shell comprises at least one noble metal selected from the group consisting platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), silver (Ag), rhenium (Re), alloys and combinations thereof.
10. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the at least one noble metal comprises platinum (Pt).
11. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the noble metal shell comprises 1 to 12 monolayers of platinum (Pt).
12. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the noble metal shell comprises 1 to 4 monolayers of platinum (Pt).
13. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the non-noble metal solid solution core comprises a nickel nitride (Ni 4 N).
14. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the residual noble metal is present in an amount of between 0-80% wt. %.
15. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the noble metal shell is nonporous.
16. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the no metal shell is submonolayer.
17. A nitride stabilized catalyst nanoparticle comprising:
a nickel solid solution core, and
a platinum shell surrounding the nickel solid solution core;
wherein the nickel solid solution core comprises a nickel nitride and a residual platinum.
18. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 17 , wherein the nickel nitride is present in the core in amount between about 20 to 80% wt-%.
19. A nitride stabilized catalyst nanoparticle comprising:
a nickel solid solution core, and
a platinum shell surrounding the nickel solid solution core;
wherein the nickel solid solution core comprises a nickel nitride present in the core in an amount between about 20 to 100% wt-% and a residual platinum present in the core between about 0 to 80% wt-%, and
wherein the platinum shell comprises at least one submonolayer of platinum.
20. The catalyst nanoparticle of claim 19 wherein two or more submonolayers of platinum overlap to form a continuous platinum shell.