Two-color high speed thermal imaging system for laser-based additive manufacturing process monitoring
Monitoring melt pool temperature in laser powder bed fusion by providing a build laser that produces a laser beam that is directed onto the melt pool and produces an incandescence that emanates from the melt pool, receiving the incandescence and producing a first image having a first spectral band and a second image having a second spectral band, and determining the ratio of said first image having a first spectral band and said second image having a second spectral band to monitor the melt pool temperature.
1. An apparatus for monitoring melt pool temperature in laser powder bed fusion, comprising:
a build laser,
a laser beam produced by said build laser wherein said laser beam is directed onto the melt pool producing a light beam that emanates from the melt pool,
a beamsplitter,
a microscope that receives said light beam and directs said light beam into said beam splitter where said beam is split into a first light beam image and a second light beam image,
a first camera that receives said first light beam image and produces
a first image having a first spectral band,
a second camera that receives said second light beam image and produces a second image having a second spectral band, and
a processor that determines the ratio of said first image having a first spectral band and said second image having a second spectral band for monitoring the melt pool temperature.
2. The apparatus of claim 1
wherein said first camera and said second camera each have a center of field of view and wherein said first camera and second camera are positioned wherein the melt pool is always in said center of field of view of said first camera and said second camera.
3. The apparatus of claim 1
wherein said first camera receives said first light beam image and produces a first image having a first spectral band on a pixel by pixel basis,
wherein said second camera receives said second light beam image and produces a second image having a second spectral band on a pixel by pixel basis, and
wherein said processor is a processor that provides a spatial map of the ratio of
said first image having a first spectral band on a pixel by pixel basis and
said second image having a second spectral band on a pixel by pixel basis.
4. The apparatus of claim 1
wherein said processor is a processor that fits said first spectral band and said second image having a second spectral band into an empirical relationship to monitor the melt pool temperature.
5. The apparatus of claim 4
wherein said empirical relationship corresponds to the equation
R
(
T
)
=
(
∫
λ
1
λ
2
E
d
λ
)
/
(
∫
λ
3
λ
4
E
d
λ
)
where
E
=
2
hc
2
λ
5
(
e
a
-
1
)
-
1
and
a
=
hc
λ
k
B
T
and the ratio as a function of temperature is calculated by dividing the integral of the thermal emission between wavelengths 1 and 2 by the integral of the thermal emission between wavelengths 3 and 4, the thermal emission is two times the Planck constant times the speed of light squared divided by wavelength to the fifth power, and this quantity is multiplied by negative one plus e to the power of the speed of light times the planck constant divided by wavelength times the Boltzmann constant times the temperature, where R is the ratio of intensities between said first spectral band and said second spectral band, T is temperature, h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, kB represents Boltzmann's constant, and λ represents wavelength, with said first spectral band and said second spectral band regions of interest as defined by the two bandpass filters encompassing λ1-λ2 and λ3-λ4.
6. An apparatus for monitoring laser powder bed fusion that includes a melt pool on a build plate, comprising:
a build laser,
a laser beam produced by said build laser wherein said laser beam is directed onto the build plate producing the melt pool and wherein a light beam emanates from the melt pool,
scanning mirrors that receive said light beam from the light pool,
an infinity microscope,
a dichroic that receives said light beam from said scanning mirrors and directs said light beam to said infinity microscope,
a beam splitter that receives said light beam from said infinity microscope and produces a first beam and a second beam,
a first bandpass filter that receives said first beam and produces a first image,
a second bandpass filter that receives said second beam and produces a second image,
a first camera that receives said first image and records first data,
a second camera that receives said second image and records second data, and
a processor that determines the ratio of said first data and said second data for monitoring the melt pool temperature.
7. The apparatus of claim 6
wherein said first camera and said second camera each have a center of field of view and wherein said first camera and second camera are positioned wherein the melt pool is always in said center of field of view of said first camera and said second camera.
8. The apparatus of claim 6
wherein said first bandpass filter provides a first image having a first spectral band,
wherein said second bandpass filter provides a second image having a second spectral band, and
wherein said processor determines the ratio of said first spectral band and said second spectral band for monitoring the melt pool temperature.
9. The apparatus of claim 8
wherein said processor is a processor that fits said first spectral band and said second image having a second spectral band into an empirical relationship to monitor the melt pool temperature.
10. The apparatus of claim 9
wherein said empirical relationship corresponds to the equation
R
(
T
)
=
(
∫
λ
1
λ
2
E
d
λ
)
/
(
∫
λ
3
λ
4
E
d
λ
)
where
E
=
2
hc
2
λ
5
(
e
a
-
1
)
-
1
and
a
=
hc
λ
k
B
T
the ratio as a function of temperature is calculated by dividing the integral of the thermal emission between wavelengths 1 and 2 by the integral of the thermal emission between wavelengths 3 and 4, the thermal emission is two times the Planck constant times the speed of light squared divided by wavelength to the fifth power, and this quantity is multiplied by negative one plus e to the power of the speed of light times the planck constant divided by wavelength times the Boltzmann constant times the temperature, where R is the ratio of intensities between said first spectral band and said second spectral band, T is temperature, h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, kB represents Boltzmann's constant, and λ represents wavelength, with said first spectral band and said second spectral band regions of interest as defined by the two bandpass filters encompassing λ1-λ2 and λ3-λ4.
11. A method of monitoring melt pool temperature in laser powder bed fusion, comprising the steps of:
providing a build laser that produces
a laser beam that is directed onto the melt pool and produces a light beam that emanates from the melt pool,
providing a microscope that receives said light beam,
providing a beamsplitter that receives said light beam from said microscope and produces
a first image having a first spectral band and
a second image having a second spectral band,
and
determining the ratio of said first image having a first spectral band and said second image having a second spectral band to monitor the melt pool temperature.
12. The method of claim 11
wherein said first image having a first spectral band is produced by a camera having a first center of field of view,
wherein said second image having a second spectral band is produced by a camera having a second center of field of view,
wherein said first camera is positioned with the melt pool in said first center of field of view, and
wherein said second camera is positioned with the melt pool in said second center of field of view,
wherein said first camera and said second camera each have a center of field of view and wherein said first camera and second camera are positioned wherein the melt pool is always in said center of field of view of said first camera and said second camera.
13. The method of claim 11
wherein said step of producing first image having a first spectral band and producing said second image having a second spectral band comprises
producing first image having a first spectral band on a pixel by pixel basis and
producing said second image having a second spectral band on a pixel by pixel basis, and
wherein said step of determining the ratio comprises
providing a spatial map of the ratio of
said first image having a first spectral band on a pixel by pixel basis and
said second image having a second spectral band on a pixel by pixel basis.
14. The method of claim 11
wherein said step of determining the ratio of said first image having a first spectral band and said second image having a second spectral band comprises fitting said first spectral band and said second image having a second spectral band into an empirical relationship to monitor the melt pool temperature.
15. The method of claim 14
wherein said empirical relationship corresponds to the equation
R
(
T
)
=
(
∫
λ
1
λ
2
E
d
λ
)
/
(
∫
λ
3
λ
4
E
d
λ
)
where
E
=
2
hc
2
λ
5
(
e
a
-
1
)
-
1
and
a
=
hc
λ
k
B
T
the ratio as a function of temperature is calculated by dividing the integral of the thermal emission between wavelengths 1 and 2 by the integral of the thermal emission between wavelengths 3 and 4, the thermal emission is two times the Planck constant times the speed of light squared divided by wavelength to the fifth power, and this quantity is multiplied by negative one plus e to the power of the speed of light times the planck constant divided by wavelength times the Boltzmann constant times the temperature, where R is the ratio of intensities between said first spectral band and said second spectral band, T is temperature, h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, kB represents Boltzmann's constant, and λ represents wavelength, with said first spectral band and said second spectral band regions of interest as defined by the two bandpass filters encompassing λ1-λ2 and λ3-λ4.
16. A method of monitoring laser powder bed fusion that includes a melt pool on a build plate, comprising the steps of:
providing a build laser that produces
a laser beam that is directed onto the build plate producing the melt pool and a light beam that emanates from the melt pool,
receiving said light beam from the melt pool with scanning mirrors and directing said light beam to
a dichroic that receives said light beam from said scanning mirrors and directs said light beam to an infinity microscope, wherein said light beam is directed to
a beam splitter that receives said light beam from said infinity microscope and produces a first beam and a second beam,
directing said first beam to a first bandpass filter to produce a first image,
directing said second beam to a second bandpass filter to produce a second image,
using a first camera to receive said first image wherein said first camera records first data,
using a second camera to receive said second image wherein said second camera records second data, and
determining the ratio of said first data and said second data to monitor the melt pool temperature.
17. The method of claim 16
wherein said first image having a first spectral band is produced by a camera having a first camera center of field of view,
wherein said second image having a second spectral band is produced by a camera having a second camera center of field of view,
wherein said first camera is positioned wherein the melt pool is always in said first camera center of field of view, and
wherein said second camera is positioned wherein the melt pool is always in said second camera center of field of view.
18. The method of claim 16
wherein said first bandpass filter produces a first image having a first spectral band,
wherein said second bandpass filter produces a second image having a spectral band, and
wherein said step of determining the ratio of said first data and said second data comprises determining the ratio of said first spectral band and said second spectral band.
19. The method of claim 18
wherein said step of producing first image having a first spectral band and producing said second image having a second spectral band comprises
producing first image having a first spectral band on a pixel by pixel basis and
producing said second image having a second spectral band on a pixel by pixel basis, and
wherein said step of determining the ratio comprises
providing a spatial map of the ratio of
said first image having a first spectral band on a pixel by pixel basis and
said second image having a second spectral band on a pixel by pixel basis.
20. The method of claim 18
wherein said step of determining the ratio of said first image having a first spectral band and said second image having a second spectral band comprises fitting said first spectral band and said second image having a second spectral band into an empirical relationship to monitor the melt pool temperature.
21. The method of claim 20
wherein said empirical relationship corresponds to the equation
R
(
T
)
=
(
∫
λ
1
λ
2
E
d
λ
)
/
(
∫
λ
3
λ
4
E
d
λ
)
where
E
=
2
hc
2
λ
5
(
e
a
-
1
)
-
1
and
a
=
hc
λ
k
B
T
the ratio as a function of temperature is calculated by dividing the integral of the thermal emission between wavelengths 1 and 2 by the integral of the thermal emission between wavelengths 3 and 4, the thermal emission is two times the Planck constant times the speed of light squared divided by wavelength to the fifth power, and this quantity is multiplied by negative one plus e to the power of the speed of light times the planck constant divided by wavelength times the Boltzmann constant times the temperature, where R is the ratio of intensities between said first spectral band and said second spectral band, T is temperature, h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, kB represents Boltzmann's constant, and λ represents wavelength, with said first spectral band and said second spectral band regions of interest as defined by two bandpass filters encompassing λ1-λ2 and λ3-λ4.