Low pressure nanowire membrane for catalytic reactions and methods of making and using the same
In embodiments a metal or metal alloy nanowires are assembled into a nanoporous membrane that can be used in methods for catalyzing various reactions under low pressures and achieving high flow rate of the reactions. In embodiments, the membranes of the disclosure can catalyze CuAAC reactions with high efficiency and minimum leaching of active Cu species.
1. A membrane for a catalyzing flow reactor, comprising:
metal-containing or metal-alloy containing nanowires self-assembled into a porous nanostructure, wherein the porous nanostructure has a thickness of about 10 nm to about 1 cm, and the nanowires have a diameter of about 1 nm to about 500 nm, and an aspect ratio of about 10 to about 100,000, wherein the metal-containing or metal-alloy containing nanowires each comprises an exterior surface arranged so that the metal or metal alloy of the metal-containing or metal-alloy containing nanowires is exposed to one or more reactants during flow of the reactants through the membrane to catalyze a reaction of the one or more reactants through contact with the exposed metal or metal-alloy during flow-through of the reactants through the membrane.
2. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the nanowires comprise gold-copper alloy.
3. The membrane of claim 2 , wherein the Au/Cu molar ratio is about 1:4 to about 4:1.
4. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the nanowires comprise one or more of Cu, Ag, Au, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, and combinations thereof, and alloys thereof.
5. The membrane of claim 1 , where the nanowires comprise one or more of metal carbides, metal nitrides, metal chalcogenides, and metal oxides.
6. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the nanostructure comprises a stacked structure of at least two layers of nanowires.
7. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the nanostructure has a porosity of about 20% to about 80%.
8. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the nanowires have a branched and/or fractal structure.
9. A method of catalyzing a reaction under flow conditions, comprising:
flowing a solution comprising one or more reactants through the membrane of claim 1 under a pressure of less than 10 bar and under conditions sufficient to catalyze a reaction of the one or more reactants.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the pressure is less than 1 bar.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the one or more reactants comprise an azide and an alkyne or wherein the one or more reactants comprises 4-nitrophenol, the method being performed under conditions suitable to reduce the 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the alkyne is one or more of 9-ethynylphenanthrene, 3-phenyl-1-propyne, cyclohexylacetylene, and phenylacetylene; and/or the azide is one or more of benzyl azide and dioxaborolane modified azide.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the nanostructure comprises copper-gold nanowires.
14. A membrane for a catalyzing flow reactor, comprising:
nanowires self-assembled into a porous nanostructure, wherein the nanowires comprise copper, the porous nanostructure has a thickness of about 10 nm to about 1 cm, and the nanowires have a diameter of about 1 nm to about 500 nm, and an aspect ratio of about 10 to about 100,000, wherein the nanowires each comprises one or more copper species arranged on an exterior surface such that the one or more copper species are exposed to one or more reactants during flow of the reactants through the membrane to catalyze a reaction of the one or more reactants through contact with the exposed metal or metal-alloy during flow-through of the reactants through the membrane.